<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2011-7582</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Colombiana de Cirugía]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[rev. colomb. cir.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2011-7582</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Colombiana de Cirugía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2011-75822010000200005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Nutrición en el paciente con pancreatitis aguda grave: guía de manejo clínico]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Nutrition in the patient with severe acute pancreatitis: clinical management guideline]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Norton]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Echeverri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Liliana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mejía]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel Ángel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Óscar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sergio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A05"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vélez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Camilo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A06"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallego]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miladys]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A07"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Constanza]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A08"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A09"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villanueva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Orlando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A10"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duarte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Corporación Clínica Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia Unidad de Cuidados intensivos e Intermedios ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Villavicencio ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Clínica Meta  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Villavicencio ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Corporación Clínica Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Villavicencio ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Departamental  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Villavicencio ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A05">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Departamental  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Villavicencio ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A06">
<institution><![CDATA[,Clínica Meta Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Villavicencio ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A07">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Departamental Departamento de Medicina Critica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Villavicencio ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A08">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Departamental  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Villavicencio ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A09">
<institution><![CDATA[,Clínica Meta  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Villavicencio ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A10">
<institution><![CDATA[,Corporación Clínica Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Villavicencio ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A11">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Departamental  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Villavicencio ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>104</fpage>
<lpage>120</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2011-75822010000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2011-75822010000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2011-75822010000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Objetivo: proponer una guía de manejo para la nutrición en los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave basada en la mejor evidencia disponible. Diseño: revisión sistemática y guía de práctica clínica. Población: pacientes críticos con pancreatitis aguda grave hospitalizados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Intervenciones y controles: nutrición entérica Vs. parenteral; dieta hipocalórica Vs. normocalórica; glutamina Vs. sin glutamina; arginina Vs. sin arginina; ácidos grasos omega 3/omega 6 Vs. omega 6 solamente; prebióticos o probióticos Vs. dieta estándar. Desenlaces: mortalidad, estancia hospitalaria y en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y, infecciones y sepsis, disfunción de órganos. Materiales y métodos: búsqueda en bases de datos médicas en línea. Resultados: las 765 referencias iniciales fueron filtradas con las palabras clave y quedaron 69 artículos. Cinco artículos más de autores latinoamericanos o de habla hispana fueron también revisados por considerarlos pertinentes. Conclusiones: los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave se benefician del soporte nutricional y la vía entérica es de elección con dietas normocalóricas de inicio temprano, preferencialmente en los primeros tres días. La intervención nutricional pudiera ser un determinante al disminuir la morbilidad y la mortalidad elevada en esta patología pero aún faltan estudios bien diseñados que permitan determinar con claridad el efecto de cada uno de sus componentes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Objective: to propose a clinical practice guideline of nutrition for patients with severe acute pancreatitis derived from the best available evidence. Design: systematic review and clinical practice guideline. Setting: critically ill patients at the intensive care unit. Patients: with severe acute pancreatitis. Intervention: enteral or parenteral nutrition. Glutamine or no glutamine. Arginine or no arginine. Omega 3 fatty acid or control. Outcome: mortality, pulmonary, catheter associated or pancreatic infection, sepsis, ICU or hospital length of stay. Methodology: medical database online search. Results: 765 initial references were filtered with key words and 69 remained. 5 other articles in Spanish were considered pertinent. Conclusions: patients with severe acute pancreatitis benefit from nutritional support, and isocaloric early enteral route is of choice during the first 3 days. Nutritional intervention could be a determinant in lowering the high morbidity and mortality rates linked with this entity, but well designed trials that elucidate the true individual effect of each constituent are scarce.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pancreatitis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nutrición enteral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nutrición parenteral total]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[glutamina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[arginina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[probióticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pancreatitis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[enteral nutrition]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[parenteral nutrition]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[total]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[glutamine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[arginine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[probiotics]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  <font size="2" face="Verdana">      <p><b>        <center>     <font size="4">Nutrici&oacute;n en el paciente con pancreatitis aguda grave:      gu&iacute;a de manejo cl&iacute;nico</font>    </center>   </b></p>     <p><b>        <center>     <font size="3"> Nutrition in the patient with severe acute pancreatitis: clinical      management guideline </font>    </center>   </b></p>     <p>        <center>     Norton P&eacute;rez, MD<sup>(1)</sup>, Liliana Echeverri, MD<sup>(2)</sup>,      Miguel &Aacute;ngel Mej&iacute;a, MD<sup>(3)</sup>, &Oacute;scar L&oacute;pez,      MD<sup>(4)</sup>, Sergio Vega, MD<sup>(5)</sup>, Camilo V&eacute;lez, MD<sup>(6)</sup>,      Miladys Gallego, Enf<sup>(7)</sup>, Constanza Reyes, Enf<sup>(8)</sup>, Jorge      Luis Cruz, MD<sup>(9)</sup>, Orlando Villanueva, MD<sup>(10)</sup>, Jos&eacute;      Mar&iacute;a Duarte, MD<sup>(11)</sup>    </center> </p>     <p> Grupo de Investigaci&oacute;n de Villavicencio (GRIVI) - Hospital Departamental    de Villavicencio, Corporaci&oacute;n Cl&iacute;nica Universidad Cooperativa    de Colombia y Cl&iacute;nica Meta, Villavicencio, Colombia    <br>   <sup>(1)</sup>Cirujano general, subespecialista en Medicina Cr&iacute;tica y    Cuidado Intensivo, especialista en Docencia Universitaria; intensivista, Hospital    Departamental de Villavicencio y Cl&iacute;nica Meta; jefe, Unidad de Cuidados    intensivos e Intermedios, Corporaci&oacute;n Cl&iacute;nica Universidad Cooperativa    de Colombia, Villavicencio, Colombia    <br>   <sup>(2)</sup>Nutricionista, Cl&iacute;nica Meta, Villavicencio, Colombia    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>   <sup>(3)</sup>Anestesi&oacute;logo, subespecialista en Medicina Cr&iacute;tica    y Cuidado Intensivo, especialista en Gerencia Hospitalaria; subgerente de Servicios    Asistenciales, Hospital Departamental de Villavicencio; intensivista, Cl&iacute;nica    Martha y Corporaci&oacute;n Cl&iacute;nica Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia,    Villavicencio, Colombia    <br>   <sup>(4)</sup> Anestesi&oacute;logo, subespecialista en Medicina Cr&iacute;tica    y Cuidado Intensivo; jefe, Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Cl&iacute;nica Martha;    intensivista, Hospital Departamental, Villavicencio, Colombia    <br>   <sup>(5)</sup>Cirujano general, subespecialista en Medicina Cr&iacute;tica y    Cuidado Intensivo; jefe, Departamento de Medicina Critica, Hospital Departamental,    Villavicencio, Colombia    <br>   <sup>(6)</sup>Anestesi&oacute;logo, subespecialista en Medicina Cr&iacute;tica    y Cuidado Intensivo; jefe, Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Cl&iacute;nica Meta,    Villavicencio, Colombia    <br>   <sup>(7)</sup> Enfermera, especialista en Cuidados Intensivos; coordinadora    de Enfermer&iacute;a, Departamento de Medicina Critica, Hospital Departamental,    Villavicencio, Colombia    <br>   <sup>(8)</sup>Enfermera, especialista en Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Departamental,    Villavicencio, Colombia    <br>   <sup>(9)</sup> Anestesi&oacute;logo, subespecialista en Medicina Cr&iacute;tica    y Cuidados Intensivos, especialista en Gerencia Hospitalaria; intensivista del    Hospital Departamental de Villavicencio; ex gerente, Cl&iacute;nica Meta; gerente,    UNIMEDIT, Villavicencio, Colombia    <br>   <sup>(10)</sup>Medicina interna; intensivista, Hospital Departamental de Villavicencio    y Corporaci&oacute;n Cl&iacute;nica Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Villavicencio,    Colombia    <br>   <sup>(11)</sup> Cirujano general, subespecialista en Cirug&iacute;a Gastrointestinal    y Endoscopia, Hospital Departamental, Villavicencio, Colombia.</p>     <p><b>Correspondencia</b>: Norton P&eacute;rez, MD, Villavicencio, Colombia. Correo    electr&oacute;nico: <a href="mailto:naperez2000@hotmail.com">naperez2000@hotmail.com</a>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>       <br>   Fecha de recibo: 14 de diciembre de 2009. Fecha de aprobaci&oacute;n: 27 de    marzo de 2010</p> <hr size=1>     <p><font size="3"><b>Resumen</b> </font></p>     <p><b>Objetivo</b>: proponer una gu&iacute;a de manejo para la nutrici&oacute;n    en los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave basada en la mejor evidencia disponible.</p>     <p><b>Dise&ntilde;o</b>: revisi&oacute;n sistem&aacute;tica y gu&iacute;a de pr&aacute;ctica    cl&iacute;nica.</p>     <p><b>Poblaci&oacute;n</b>: pacientes cr&iacute;ticos con pancreatitis aguda grave    hospitalizados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos.</p>     <p><b>Intervenciones y controles</b>: nutrici&oacute;n ent&eacute;rica Vs. parenteral;    dieta hipocal&oacute;rica Vs. normocal&oacute;rica; glutamina Vs. sin glutamina;    arginina Vs. sin arginina; &aacute;cidos grasos omega 3/omega 6 Vs. omega 6    solamente; prebi&oacute;ticos o probi&oacute;ticos Vs. dieta est&aacute;ndar.</p>     <p><b>Desenlaces</b>: mortalidad, estancia hospitalaria y en la unidad de cuidados    intensivos y, infecciones y sepsis, disfunci&oacute;n de &oacute;rganos.</p>     <p><b>Materiales y m&eacute;todos</b>: b&uacute;squeda en bases de datos m&eacute;dicas    en l&iacute;nea.</p>     <p><b>Resultados</b>: las 765 referencias iniciales fueron filtradas con las palabras    clave y quedaron 69 art&iacute;culos. Cinco art&iacute;culos m&aacute;s de autores    latinoamericanos o de habla hispana fueron tambi&eacute;n revisados por considerarlos    pertinentes.</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><b>Conclusiones</b>: los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave se benefician    del soporte nutricional y la v&iacute;a ent&eacute;rica es de elecci&oacute;n    con dietas normocal&oacute;ricas de inicio temprano, preferencialmente en los    primeros tres d&iacute;as. La intervenci&oacute;n nutricional pudiera ser un    determinante al disminuir la morbilidad y la mortalidad elevada en esta patolog&iacute;a    pero a&uacute;n faltan estudios bien dise&ntilde;ados que permitan determinar    con claridad el efecto de cada uno de sus componentes.</p>     <p><b>Palabras clave</b>: pancreatitis; nutrici&oacute;n enteral; nutrici&oacute;n    parenteral total; glutamina; arginina; probi&oacute;ticos.</p> <hr size=1>     <p><b><font size="3">Abstract</font> </b> </p>     <p><b>Objective</b>: to propose a clinical practice guideline of nutrition for    patients with severe acute pancreatitis derived from the best available evidence.</p>     <p><b>Design</b>: systematic review and clinical practice guideline.</p>     <p><b>Setting</b>: critically ill patients at the intensive care unit.</p>     <p><b>Patients</b>: with severe acute pancreatitis.</p>     <p><b>Intervention</b>: enteral or parenteral nutrition. Glutamine or no glutamine.    Arginine or no arginine. Omega 3 fatty acid or control.</p>     <p><b>Outcome</b>: mortality, pulmonary, catheter associated or pancreatic infection,    sepsis, ICU or hospital length of stay.</p>     <p><b>Methodology</b>: medical database online search.</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><b>Results</b>: 765 initial references were filtered with key words and 69    remained. 5 other articles in Spanish were considered pertinent.</p>     <p><b>Conclusions</b>: patients with severe acute pancreatitis benefit from nutritional    support, and isocaloric early enteral route is of choice during the first 3    days. Nutritional intervention could be a determinant in lowering the high morbidity    and mortality rates linked with this entity, but well designed trials that elucidate    the true individual effect of each constituent are scarce.</p>     <p><b>Key words</b>: pancreatitis; enteral nutrition; parenteral nutrition, total;    glutamine; arginine; probiotics</p> <hr size=1>     <p><b><font size="3">Introducci&oacute;n</font> </b> </p>     <p>El manejo de la pancreatitis aguda ha cambiado en los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os    en la medida en que se obtiene informaci&oacute;n de las ventajas de algunos    aspectos terap&eacute;uticos, aunque varios paradigmas a&uacute;n persisten    y son dif&iacute;ciles de erradicar, entre ellos, la preferencia por la nutrici&oacute;n    parenteral total (12). La suspensi&oacute;n de la v&iacute;a oral ha sido la    estrategia primordial por muchos a&ntilde;os, con base en an&aacute;lisis fisiopatol&oacute;gicos    de la enfermedad y la nutrici&oacute;n parenteral se ha recomendado como la    primera opci&oacute;n para el soporte nutricional mientras que la inclusi&oacute;n    de la nutrici&oacute;n ent&eacute;rica como primera opci&oacute;n terap&eacute;utica    ha sido diferida por a&ntilde;os (13).</p>     <p>Esta gu&iacute;a no pretende hacer una revisi&oacute;n extensiva de los aspectos    fisiopatol&oacute;gicos de la pancreatitis y se concentra en la revisi&oacute;n    de la literatura m&eacute;dica especializada a fin de sacar conclusiones para    hacer las mejores recomendaciones de f&aacute;rmaco-nutrici&oacute;n (14). Se    recomienda a quienes est&eacute;n interesados en este aspecto la revisi&oacute;n    de otros textos con amplias descripciones sobre el tema. Adem&aacute;s, la nutrici&oacute;n    ha demostrado no tener mayor impacto en las formas de pancreatitis que no son    graves; por ello, esta propuesta es aplicable a los casos definidos como graves    de acuerdo con la literatura (15,16,17).</p>     <p>La implementaci&oacute;n de gu&iacute;as de pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica    ha demostrado mejorar los desenlaces en las poblaciones de pacientes, especialmente    en los cr&iacute;ticos (18,19,20). La dificultad de brindar recomendaciones    de alto grado es el resultado del limitado n&uacute;mero de estudios de mayor    calidad lo que se refleja en recomendaciones tradicionales con muy bajo grado    de &quot;evidencia&quot; que inundan la mitolog&iacute;a en el manejo de esta    patolog&iacute;a y que son dif&iacute;ciles de erradicar (<a href="#figura1">figura    1</a>), por ejemplo, la sonda nasog&aacute;strica y el ayuno de rutina, el uso    preferencial de la nutrici&oacute;n parenteral y la meperidina, la profilaxis    antibi&oacute;tica, etc. (21). Un estudio brasile&ntilde;o demostr&oacute; que    la pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica a&uacute;n dista de las recomendaciones hechas    en las gu&iacute;as (<a href="#figura2">figura 2</a>), probablemente, asociado    al hecho de que existe poca experiencia en el manejo de esta patolog&iacute;a    a pesar de su frecuente presentaci&oacute;n (22).</p>     <p>     <center>       <p><a name="figura1"></a>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>     <img src="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig1.gif"> </p>       <p>          <center>       <a name="figura2"></a>    <br>       <img src="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig2.gif">      </center>   </p> </center></p>     <p>El objetivo de la presente gu&iacute;a de pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica es    recopilar las recomendaciones sobre nutrici&oacute;n en los pacientes con pancreatitis    aguda grave con el fin de promover un manejo m&aacute;s acorde con la mejor    informaci&oacute;n disponible al momento con preferencia en la nutrici&oacute;n    ent&eacute;rica.</p>     <p><font size="3"><b>Materiales y m&eacute;todos</b></font></p>     <p><b>Dise&ntilde;o de la gu&iacute;a</b></p>     <p>Se revisaron las bases de datos Medline, Ovid, Scielo y Publindex con los t&eacute;rminos    &quot;Pancreatitis&quot; &#91;MeSH&#93; OR &quot;Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing&quot;    &#91;MeSH&#93; AND &quot;Nutrition Therapy&quot; &#91;MeSH&#93; OR &quot;Nutritional Support&quot;    &#91;MeSH&#93; &quot;Parenteral Nutrition, Total&quot; &#91;MeSH&#93; OR &quot;Parenteral    Nutrition&quot; &#91;MeSH&#93; OR &quot;Enteral Nutrition&quot; &#91;MeSH&#93; OR &quot;Nutritional    Requirements&quot; &#91;MeSH&#93; (<a href="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5t1.gif" target="_blank">tabla    1</a>). Tambi&eacute;n se consultaron las bases de datos latinoamericanas y    las gu&iacute;as de manejo ESPEN (<i>European Society for Clinical Nutrition    and Metabolism</i>) (23,24), ASPEN (<i>American Society for Parenteral and Enteral    Nutrition</i>) (25,26,27,28), del Reino Unido (29,30,31) y otras (32,33,34),    y las referencias citadas fueron consultadas, principalmente, en texto completo.    Se consideraron pertinentes los art&iacute;culos que analizaron pacientes con    pancreatitis grave. Estos art&iacute;culos fueron enviados a tres de los coautores    para su an&aacute;lisis independiente.</p>     <p><b>An&aacute;lisis</b></p>     <p>Para el an&aacute;lisis de la informaci&oacute;n se us&oacute; el programa<i>    GRADEprofiler&reg; versi&oacute;n 3,2 </i>(<i>European Commission Marie Curie    Reintegration and the Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services</i>)    que permite la clasificaci&oacute;n de la calidad de la informaci&oacute;n y    establecer la fortaleza de las recomendaciones (35). Los resultados de los estudios    fueron graficados en el programa <i>Review Manage</i>r&reg; a fin de observar    las tendencias de los estudios acumulados, los intervalos de confianza y la    significancia (36).</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><b>Grados de &quot;evidencia&quot; y recomendaci&oacute;n</b></p>     <p>Seg&uacute;n el nivel de &quot;evidencia&quot; las recomendaciones est&aacute;n    basadas en la metodolog&iacute;a de la Scotish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network    (SIGN), (<a href="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5t2.gif" target="_blank">tabla    2</a>) (37,12).</p>     <p><b>Poblaci&oacute;n objetivo</b></p>     <p>Consisti&oacute; de los pacientes cr&iacute;ticos con pancreatitis aguda grave    de origen biliar o alcoh&oacute;lico. Estas recomendaciones no est&aacute;n    dise&ntilde;adas para pacientes con pancreatitis leve o moderada. La pancreatitis    puede ser clasificada por los criterios de Ranson (&gt;3) (38), APACHE II (&gt;8)    (39), la clasificaci&oacute;n de Balthazar (&gt;4) (40,41), etc. Algunos estudios    han encontrado una alta asociaci&oacute;n entre la gravedad por el puntaje por    tomograf&iacute;a con las complicaciones s&eacute;pticas y la mortalidad (42).</p>     <p>Se recomienda que estos pacientes sean monitorizados y manejados en las unidades    de cuidados intensivos ya que es el sitio ideal para este tipo de pacientes    (22).</p>     <p><b>Intervenciones y controles</b></p>     <p>Las intervenciones buscadas fueron:</p> <ul>       <li>nutrici&oacute;n ent&eacute;rica Vs. parenteral,</li>       <li> dieta hipocal&oacute;rica Vs. normocal&oacute;rica,</li>       <li> glutamina Vs. control,</li>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<li> arginina Vs. sin arginina,</li>       <li> omega 6/omega 3 Vs. omega 6 solamente, y</li>       <li> prebi&oacute;ticos o probi&oacute;ticos Vs. dieta est&aacute;ndar.</li>     </ul>     <p><b>Desenlaces</b></p>     <p>Los estudiados fueron:</p> <ul>       <li>mortalidad,</li>       <li> estancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y hospitalaria,</li>       <li> infecciones y sepsis,</li>       <li> cirug&iacute;a y</li>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<li> disfunci&oacute;n de &oacute;rganos.</li>     </ul>     <p><b><font size="3">Resultados</font></b></p>     <p>Se encontraron 765 resultados al combinar las palabras clave por patolog&iacute;a    (Pancreatitis OR Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing) con la intervenci&oacute;n    (Nutrition therapy OR Parenteral Nutrition, Total OR Parenteral Nutrition OR    Enteral Nutrition). Al limitar la b&uacute;squeda con los filtros &quot;Abstracts,    Humans, Clinical Trial, Meta-analysis, Practice Guideline, Randomized Controlled    Trial, English, Spanish&quot; quedaron 69 art&iacute;culos, 5 referencias en    espa&ntilde;ol fueron pertinentes (<a href="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5t3.gif" target="_blank">tabla    3</a>).</p>     <p><b><font size="3">Recomendaciones</font></b></p>     <p>1. Soporte nutricional. Los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave deben recibir    soporte nutricional cuando se anticipa una ingesti&oacute;n inadecuada por v&iacute;a    oral por 5-7 d&iacute;as. En los casos de desnutrici&oacute;n previa y en pancreatitis    necrosante el beneficio es mayor (evidencia Ia, Ib y IIa, recomendaci&oacute;n    A).</p>     <p>2. V&iacute;a de la nutrici&oacute;n. Tres metan&aacute;lisis demuestran que    la nutrici&oacute;n ent&eacute;rica disminuye la morbilidad, la estancia hospitalaria    (3,94 d&iacute;as; IC<sub>95</sub> 2,02-5,86; p&lt;0,0001) y la mortalidad en pacientes    con pancreatitis grave (<a href="#figura3">figura 3</a>, <a href="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig4.jpg" target="_blank">figura    4</a>*, <a href="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig5.jpg" target="_blank">figura    5</a>, <a href="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig6.jpg" target="_blank">figura    6</a>, <a href="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig7.jpg" target="_blank">figura    7</a>). La v&iacute;a ent&eacute;rica es de elecci&oacute;n en el soporte nutricional    en pancreatitis aguda grave (evidencia Ia y IIa, recomendaci&oacute;n A) (43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59),    aunque algunos de los estudios tuvieron sesgos de selecci&oacute;n al no definir    apropiadamente la poblaci&oacute;n de estudio por gravedad (<a href="#figura8">figura    8</a> y<a href="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig9.jpg" target="_blank"> figura    9</a>). Adem&aacute;s, la nutrici&oacute;n ent&eacute;rica tiene en promedio    cinco veces menor costo que la nutrici&oacute;n parenteral (<a href="#figura10">figura    10</a>). </p>     <p>        <center>     <a name="figura3"></a>    <br>     <img src="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig3.gif">    </center> </p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>        <center>     <a name="figura8"></a>    <br>     <img src="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig8.jpg">    </center> </p>     <p>        <center>     <a name="figura10"></a>    <br>     <img src="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig10.jpg">    </center> </p>     <p> La nutrici&oacute;n parenteral est&aacute; indicada en caso de haber limitaciones    para el uso de la v&iacute;a ent&eacute;rica, como en las siguientes situaciones:</p> <ul>       <li> obstrucci&oacute;n intestinal,</li>       <li> intolerancia a la nutrici&oacute;n ent&eacute;rica,</li>       <li> f&iacute;stula ent&eacute;rica, o</li>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<li> cuando el aporte por v&iacute;a ent&eacute;rica no sea suficiente (mixta).</li>     </ul>     <p>3. Tiempo de inicio. Hay una tendencia a disminuir la mortalidad cuando la    nutrici&oacute;n ent&eacute;rica se inicia tempranamente (RR=0,26; IC<sub>95</sub> 0,06    - 1,09; p=0,06). Se recomienda iniciar tempranamente la nutrici&oacute;n una    vez se haya logrado la reanimaci&oacute;n del choque (evidencia Ib y IIa, recomendaci&oacute;n    A) (60,61,62,63).</p>     <p>4. Sonda avanzada. La nutrici&oacute;n con sonda g&aacute;strica no est&aacute;    contraindicada si el paciente la tolera (<a href="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig11.jpg" target="_blank">figura    11</a>,<a href="#figura12"> figura 12</a>) (evidencia IIa, recomendaci&oacute;n    A) (64,65,66). La sonda nasoent&eacute;rica se puede pasar a ciegas y permitir    su avance asistido con metoclopramida en la mayor&iacute;a de los casos (evidencia    IIa, secomendaci&oacute;n A) (67,68). </p>     <p>        <center>     <a name="figura12"></a>    <br>     <img src="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig12.jpg">    </center> </p>     <p> Las siguientes medidas podr&iacute;an mejorar la tolerancia de la nutrici&oacute;n    ent&eacute;rica:</p>     <p>A. Minimizar el &iacute;leo con el inicio de la nutrici&oacute;n ent&eacute;rica    temprana (evidencia IIa y IIb, recomendaci&oacute;n A).    <br>   B. Cuando la sonda no avanza con las medidas anteriores, se debe avanzarla con    endoscopia para infusi&oacute;n distal (evidencia IV, recomendaci&oacute;n C).    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>   C. Uso de amino&aacute;cidos esenciales en lugar de dieta entera (evidencia    IV, recomendaci&oacute;n C).    <br>   D. Dieta con triglic&eacute;ridos de cadena ramificada (evidencia IV, recomendaci&oacute;n    C).    <br>   E. Infusi&oacute;n continua (evidencia IV, recomendaci&oacute;n C).</p>     <p>5. Se recomiendan los siguientes aportes de calor&iacute;as y macronutrientes:    <br>   A. Calor&iacute;as:    <br>   i. 15-20 kcal/kg al d&iacute;a (evidencia III, recomendaci&oacute;n B), (15,69,70).    Estos aportes hipocal&oacute;ricos son mejor tolerados (71,72).    <br>   ii. Los aportes cal&oacute;ricos mayores de 25 o 30 kcal/kg al d&iacute;a (hipercal&oacute;ricos)    podr&iacute;an aumentar la mortalidad y no se recomiendan (evidencia III, recomendaci&oacute;n    B) (12).    <br>   B. Prote&iacute;nas:    <br>   i. Se recomienda una ingesti&oacute;n diaria, por lo menos de, 1,3-1,5 g/kg    (evidencia IIa, recomendaci&oacute;n A).    <br>   ii. Se recomienda el uso de dieta oligom&eacute;rica al usar la v&iacute;a ent&eacute;rica    (evidencia IV, recomendaci&oacute;n C).    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>   iii. Se recomienda que el suministro incluya, al menos, 0,2-0,4 g/kg de glutamina    (evidencia IIa y IIb, recomendaci&oacute;n A).    <br>   iv. Cuando se administra nutrici&oacute;n ent&eacute;rica se debe considerar    la administraci&oacute;n de glutamina parenteral suplementaria &lt;0,3 g/kg    en dip&eacute;ptido Ala-Gln (evidencia IIa, recomendaci&oacute;n A).    <br>   v. Control bisemanal del balance nitrogenado con muestra de orina (evidencia    III, recomendaci&oacute;n B). No se recomienda la valoraci&oacute;n nutricional    con alb&uacute;mina en los pacientes cr&iacute;ticos.    <br>   C. Carbohidratos:    <br>   i. Se recomiendan 3 a 6 g/kg al d&iacute;a (evidencia IV, recomendaci&oacute;n    C).    <br>   ii. Se prefiere como la principal fuente de energ&iacute;a por su bajo costo    y con el fin de disminuir la gluconeog&eacute;nesis (evidencia IV, recomendaci&oacute;n    C).    <br>   iii. Evitar la hipoglucemia/hiperglucemia (evidencia IV, recomendaci&oacute;n    C).    <br>   iv. Se sugiere el control continuo de la glucometr&iacute;a para evitar grandes    fluctuaciones (evidencia IV, recomendaci&oacute;n C).    <br>   v. La meta es mantener glucemias menores de 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL), (evidencia    IV, recomendaci&oacute;n C) (73,74).    <br>   vi. En caso de hiperglucemia, se debe corregir con insulina ex&oacute;gena (evidencia    IV, recomendaci&oacute;n C).    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>   D. Grasas:    <br>   i. Se recomienda 0,8 a 1,5 g/kg de l&iacute;pidos (evidencia IV, recomendaci&oacute;n    C).    <br>   ii. En casos de requerir nutrici&oacute;n parenteral, la restricci&oacute;n    de los l&iacute;pidos no est&aacute; indicada si el nivel de triglic&eacute;ridos    es normal (evidencia IV, recomendaci&oacute;n C).    <br>   iii. Suspender la infusi&oacute;n temporalmente si los triglic&eacute;ridos    persisten mayores de 12 mmol/L (400 mg/dl) por m&aacute;s de 72 horas (evidencia    IV, recomendaci&oacute;n C).    <br>   iv. &Aacute;cidos grasos poliinsaturados: los &aacute;cidos grasos omega 3 (Oxepa&reg;)    han demostrado disminuir la mortalidad y mejorar la oxigenaci&oacute;n en pacientes    cr&iacute;ticos con patolog&iacute;as espec&iacute;ficas como s&iacute;ndrome    agudo de dificultad respiratoria y sepsis (<a href="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig13.jpg" target="_blank">figura    13</a>, <a href="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig14.jpg" target="_blank">figura    14</a>, <a href="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig15.jpg" target="_blank">figura    15</a>, <a href="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig16.jpg" target="_blank">figura    16</a>) (75,76,77). Sin embargo, se encontraron pocos estudios en pancreatitis    para hacer una recomendaci&oacute;n (78). No se recomienda a&uacute;n el uso    rutinario de dieta con &aacute;cido eicosapentaenoico-&aacute;cido gammalinoleico    en pacientes con pancreatitis (evidencia IV, recomendaci&oacute;n C) aunque    pudiera ser de utilidad en casos de sepsis poco grave (APACHE&lt;15) (evidencia    IIa, recomendaci&oacute;n A).    <br>   v. Tipo de triglic&eacute;ridos: las preparaciones actuales de nutrici&oacute;n    traen mezclas de triglic&eacute;ridos de cadena media y larga.</p>     <p>6. Inmunomodulaci&oacute;n. Varios estudios han analizado el impacto de las    dietas inmunomoduladoras en el modelo animal. No hubo diferencias estad&iacute;sticamente    significativas en la disminuci&oacute;n del puntaje de gravedad para los grupos    de estudio al tratarlos con dieta inmunomoduladora (p=0,2), pero s&iacute; hubo    un descenso en los &iacute;ndices de gravedad al tercer d&iacute;a con ambos    tipos de dieta.</p>     <p>7. Negro: dieta inmunomoduladora; blanco: dieta est&aacute;ndar</p>     <p>8. Un estudio compar&oacute; la dieta est&aacute;ndar con la inmunomoduladora    que inclu&iacute;a glutamina, arginina y omega 3 en pacientes con pancreatitis    y no encontr&oacute; diferencias estad&iacute;sticamente significativas en los    desenlaces (<a href="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig17.jpg" target="_blank">figura    17</a>) (79). No se encontraron estudios que evaluaran de forma independiente    estos nutrientes a fin de conocer el impacto individual de cada uno. </p>     <p> En conclusi&oacute;n, no hay suficientes datos para recomendar un tipo de    dieta inmunomoduladora en la pancreatitis grave. Se recomienda iniciar tempranamente    una dieta est&aacute;ndar (evidencia I, recomendaci&oacute;n A).</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>9. Prebi&oacute;ticos y probi&oacute;ticos. Aunque ha habido entusiasmo por    demostrar sus efectos ben&eacute;ficos los resultados de los estudios no soportan    a&uacute;n esta teor&iacute;a (80,81,82,83,84). No se recomienda el uso de probi&oacute;ticos    de forma rutinaria en pancreatitis (evidencia IIb, recomendaci&oacute;n A) (<a href="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig18.jpg" target="_blank">figura    18</a>, <a href="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig19.jpg" target="_blank">figura    19</a>, <a href="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig20.jpg" target="_blank">figura    20</a>).</p>     <p>        <center>     <b><a href="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig21.gif" target="_blank">Figura      21</a></b><a href="img/revistas/rcci/v25n2/v25n2a5fig21.gif" target="_blank">. Diagrama de      flujo para la intervenci&oacute;n nutricional en pancreatitis aguda grave.      </a>    </center> </p>     <p><b><font size="3">Conclusiones</font></b></p>     <p>El soporte metab&oacute;lico y nutricional es un pilar importante en el manejo    m&eacute;dico actual del paciente con pancreatitis grave no s&oacute;lo como    un m&eacute;todo para disminuir el riesgo de desnutrici&oacute;n asociado al    ayuno prolongado a que se somete en ocasiones a estos pacientes, sino como una    intervenci&oacute;n terap&eacute;utica que tiene la posibilidad de disminuir    las complicaciones infecciosas y la mortalidad. Por ello, el enfoque de la farmaconutrici&oacute;n    permite visualizar mejor la importancia de esta herramienta terap&eacute;utica    con &eacute;nfasis en el espectro terap&eacute;utico de cada uno de sus componentes    de forma dosificada no s&oacute;lo de los macronutrientes, sino tambi&eacute;n    de los micronutrientes en la medida en que los hallazgos vayan arrojando mayor    claridad al impacto que pueden ejercer en cada patolog&iacute;a. No es s&oacute;lo    un problema de hambre, tambi&eacute;n es un enfoque inmunomodulador hasta llegar    a ocupar el lugar preponderante que, en ocasiones, se le quiere dar a los antibi&oacute;ticos    de manera injustificada como en la profilaxis de la infecci&oacute;n en pancreatitis    grave.</p>     <p>En los pacientes cr&iacute;ticos con esta patolog&iacute;a se debe establecer    una estrategia de intervenci&oacute;n nutricional de forma temprana a fin de    disminuir el impacto proinflamatorio de la pancreatitis y reducir el riesgo    de infecci&oacute;n pancre&aacute;tica y pulmonar con un aporte proteico adecuado    y vigilancia continua que coarte las tendencias hipergluc&eacute;micas asociadas    y, en caso de requerirse, el control con insulina probablemente no tan estricto    (&lt;180 mg/dl). </p>     <p>No se encontraron estudios sobre el papel de los fructooligosac&aacute;ridos    como fuente de carbohidratos a fin de modular la respuesta hipergluc&eacute;mica.    Faltan estudios que arrojen luces sobre el posible papel de los l&iacute;pidos    con &aacute;cidos grasos de pescado omega 3 (w3) por la v&iacute;a del &aacute;cido    eicosapentaenoico y docosahexaenoico.</p>     <p>Hay limitaciones para hacer recomendaciones en algunos aspectos debido a la    escasez de estudios, como son la necesidad de nutrientes espec&iacute;ficos    de forma individual (glutamina, arginina, omega 3, probi&oacute;ticos) que se    han realizado en pacientes cr&iacute;ticos con otras patolog&iacute;as pero    no en pancreatitis. </p>     <p>Este informe es una primera propuesta a fin de poder unir esfuerzos con las    sociedades cient&iacute;ficas interesadas en el tema y propender por gu&iacute;as    en consenso a nivel nacional.</p>     <p><b><font size="3">Agradecimientos</font></b></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>A Sa&uacute;l Rugeles y Guillermo Ortiz por la revisi&oacute;n del manuscrito.</p>     <p><font size="3"><b>Conflictos de intereses</b></font></p>     <p>Los autores declaran que esta revisi&oacute;n no ha sido patrocinada por la    industria farmac&eacute;utica. Norton P&eacute;rez ha sido conferencista en    congresos m&eacute;dicos patrocinados por Abbott y Baxter. Liliana Echeverri    ha sido patrocinada por Abbott, Baxter y Lafrancol para asistir a congresos.    Todos los autores revisaron el manuscrito final y est&aacute;n de acuerdo con    los resultados.</p>     <p><b><font size="3">Referencias</font></b></p>     <!-- ref --><p>1. Heinrich S, Schafer M, Rousson V, Clavien PA. Evidence-based treatment of    acute pancreatitis: a look at established paradigms. 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