<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2027-4688</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Fronteras de la Historia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Front. hist.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2027-4688</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2027-46882024000200252</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22380/20274688.2712</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Inventar la república en el reino animal. Las bestias del Llano como protagonistas de la Independencia de la Nueva Granada y Venezuela: 1814-1819]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Invent the Republic in the Animal Kingdom: The Animals of the Llano as Protagonists of the Independence of Nueva Granada and Venezuela, 1814-1819]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Inventar a república no reino animal. As bestas do Llano como protagonistas da independência da Nueva Granada e da Venezuela: 1814-1819]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cardenas-Herrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John Jairo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spillemaeker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Frédéric]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Tolima  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos (IFEA)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>252</fpage>
<lpage>275</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2027-46882024000200252&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2027-46882024000200252&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2027-46882024000200252&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El presente artículo acude a los aportes teóricos y metodológicos de la historia ambiental y de la historia de los animales. Tiene como objetivo describir y analizar el mundo socioambiental en el que la República de Colombia fraguó su proceso de invención (1814-1819) en la región natural de los Llanos de la Nueva Granada (actual Colombia) y Venezuela. Para ello se estudiarán las relaciones establecidas entre humanos, medio ambiente y animales que les sirvieron a andinos y llaneros a posicionarse con más fuerza tanto en la conducción de las tropas patriotas como en la construcción de la República de Colombia. Las fuentes primarias consultadas fueron: memorias de los combatientes extranjeros en la guerra de Independencia, correspondencia de los militares realistas y correspondencia de militares patriotas. La principal conclusión es que el dominio de la monarquía católica en Nueva Granada y en Venezuela colapsó, en buena parte, gracias al uso más eficiente de los recursos del &#8220;reino animal&#8221; de la región de los Llanos y del Orinoco por parte de los independentistas. Los animales, tanto salvajes como domésticos, fueron protagonistas claves de este proceso.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article is inspired by the theoretical and methodological contributions of environmental history and the history of animals. It aims to describe and analyze the socio-environmental world in which the Republic of Colombia forged its invention process (1814-1819) in the natural region of the Llanos of Nueva Granada (present-day Colombia) and Venezuela. To do this, the relationships established between humans, the environment, and animals will be studied, natural to the native llaneros and quickly acquired by some Andean patriots, which served both groups to position themselves more strongly in the leadership of the patriotic troops and in the building of the Republic of Colombia. The primary sources consulted were memoirs of foreign combatants in the war of Independence, correspondence of royalist soldiers, and correspondence of patriotic soldiers. The main conclusion reached is that, to a large extent, the rule of the Catholic Monarchy in Nueva Granada and Venezuela collapsed thanks to a better use of resources and the &#8220;Animal Kingdom&#8221; of the Llanos and Orinoco by the independence fighters. Animals, both wild and domestic, were key protagonists in this process.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Este artigo lança mão das contribuições teóricas e metodológicas da história ambiental e da história dos animais. O objetivo é descrever e analisar o mundo socioambiental em que a República da Colômbia forjou seu processo de invenção (1814-1819) na região natural dos Llanos da Nueva Granada (atual Colômbia) e da Venezuela. Para tanto, serão estudadas as relações estabelecidas entre os humanos, o meio ambiente e os animais que ajudaram os andinos e os llaneros a se posicionarem mais fortemente tanto na liderança das tropas patrióticas quanto na construção da República da Colômbia. As fontes primárias consultadas foram memórias de combatentes estrangeiros na guerra da Independência, correspondência de soldados monarquistas e correspondência de soldados patrióticos. A principal conclusão é que a dominação da monarquia católica na Nueva Granada e na Venezuela entrou em colapso, em larga medida, graças ao uso mais eficiente dos recursos do &#8220;reino animal&#8221; da região dos Llanos e do Orinoco por parte dos independentistas. Os animais, tanto selvagens quanto domésticos, foram protagonistas essenciais nesse processo.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[independencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[guerra]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[historia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[animales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Colombia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Venezuela]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[independence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[war]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[history]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[animals]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Colombia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Venezuela]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[independência]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[guerra]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[história]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[animais]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Colômbia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Venezuela]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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