<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-910X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Suma de Negocios]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[suma neg.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-910X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-910X2019000100070</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14349/sumneg/2019.v10.n21.a9</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Marriage of the unwilling? the implication of trade liberalization for the Ghanaian economy]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El matrimonio de lo indispuesto? la implicación de la liberalización del comercio para la economía de Ghana]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pickson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert Becker]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agbenyo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wonder]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tetteh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joseph Niifio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Sichuan Agricultural University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Chengdu ]]></addr-line>
<country>China</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Sichuan Agricultural University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Chengdu ]]></addr-line>
<country>China</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Southwestern University of Finance and Economics  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Chengdu ]]></addr-line>
<country>China</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>21</numero>
<fpage>70</fpage>
<lpage>79</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-910X2019000100070&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-910X2019000100070&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-910X2019000100070&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The reaction of growth to trade liberalization has varied considerably across countries, with most countries gaining, but others being adversely affected by trade liberalization. Therefore, this study sought to examine the relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth in Ghana. The study used annual time series data covering the period of 1970-2016. Using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and Granger causality test, the study found that trade openness (proxied for trade liberalization), inflation, and population growth negatively affect the growth rate of the Ghanaian economy in the long-run, whilst the exchange rate has a significant and long-run positive effect on economic growth. Also, investment has no impact on economic growth in the long-run. The study further indicated that only inflation and population growth have significant impacts on economic growth in the short-run. The results of the Granger causality test showed that no complementary relationship between trade openness and economic growth exists in the short-run in Ghana.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La reacción del crecimiento a la liberalización del comercio ha variado considerablemente entre los países, y la mayoría de los países están ganando, pero otros se ven perjudicados por la liberalización del comercio. Por lo tanto, este estudio buscó examinar la relación entre la liberalización del comercio y el crecimiento económico en Ghana. El estudio utilizó datos anuales de la serie de tiempo que cubrían el período de 1970-2016. Usando el modelo de Lag distribuida autoregresiva (ARDL) y el test de causalidad de Granger, el estudio encontró que la apertura comercial (proxy para la liberalización comercial), la inflación y el crecimiento demográfico afectan negativamente la tasa de crecimiento de la economía de Ghana a largo plazo, mientras que el tipo de cambio tiene un efecto positivo significativo y a largo plazo sobre el crecimiento económico. Además, la inversión no tiene ningún impacto en el crecimiento económico a largo plazo. El estudio indicó además que sólo la inflación y el crecimiento demográfico tienen impactos significativos en el crecimiento económico a corto plazo. Los resultados de la prueba de causalidad de Granger mostraron que no existe ninguna relación complementaria entre la apertura comercial y el crecimiento económico en el corto plazo en Ghana.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Trade liberalization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[real GDP]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[investment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[exchange rate]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[inflation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[population growth]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ARDL]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ghana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Liberalización del comercio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[PIB real]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inversión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tipo de cambio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inflación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crecimiento de la población]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ARDL]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ghana]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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