<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2216-0973</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Cuidarte]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Cuid]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2216-0973</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Programa de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Santander UDES]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2216-09732024000100015</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15649/cuidarte.3624</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Analysis of Healthcare-associated Infections before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Colombian hospital]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Análisis de las infecciones relacionadas con la atención sanitaria antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en un hospital colombiano]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Análise das infecções associadas à assistência à saúde antes e durante a pandemia de COVID-19 em um hospital colombiano]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wintaco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luz M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quintero-Lesmes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Doris C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas-Soler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diego M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Granados]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ulises]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Uribe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Rosario Hospital Internacional de Colombia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bucaramanga ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Internacional de Colombia Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bucaramanga ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Internacional de Colombia Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bucaramanga ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Internacional de Colombia Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bucaramanga ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Internacional de Colombia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bucaramanga ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af7">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Internacional de Colombia Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bucaramanga ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2216-09732024000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2216-09732024000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2216-09732024000100015&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract:  Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections pose a significant challenge, contributing to hospital morbidity and mortality.  Objective: To describe the behavior of Healthcare Associated Infections before and during the pandemic reported to a high-complexity health institution in Colombia.  Material and Methods: In our retrospective observational study on Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), we analyzed data from all in patients diagnosed with HAIs between 2018 and 2020. This included clinical, demographic, microbiological, and microbial susceptibility information collected from the Committee on Nosocomial Infections' prospective database. Data from 391 isolates were obtained using Whonet software for antimicrobial resistance surveillance.  Results: We found 504 cases of HAIs (2018-2020) with an overall in-hospital infection rate of 2.55/1000 patient days. The median age for pediatric patients was 5 years, and for adults, 56 years, with 57% male. The leading admission diagnoses were oncologic disease complications (31%). Bacteremia had a 30-day mortality rate of 13%, predominantly catheter-associated (37%). Gram-negative bacilli, notably Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, represented 58% cases of HAI.  Discussion: The critical need for specific interventions and antimicrobial management to control HAIs, especially given the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, is highlighted.  Conclusions: This is the first report on HAIs incidence at a tertiary hospital in Bucaramanga, Santander (Colombia). Bacteremia was predominant; 75% of HAIs patients had comorbidities. Gram-negative bacilli prevailed; a notable rise in ICU respiratory infections occurred during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems was prevalent.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen:  Introducción: Las infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud (IAAS) representan un reto porque estas contribuyen a la morbilidad y mortalidad hospitalaria.  Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento de las IAAS antes y durante la pandemia, las cuales fueron reportadas a una institución de salud de alta complejidad en Colombia.  Materiales y métodos: En nuestro estudio observacional retrospectivo de las IAAS, analizamos los datos de todos los pacientes hospitalizados que fueron diagnosticados con una IAAS entre 2018 y 2020. Esto incluyó información clínica, demográfica, microbiológica y de susceptibilidad microbiana recabada de la base de datos prospectiva del Comité de Infecciones Nosocomiales. Los datos de 391 aislamientos se obtuvieron utilizando el programa informático Whonet para la vigilancia de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos.  Resultados: Encontramos 504 casos de IAAS entre 2018 y 2020 con una tasa global de infección intrahospitalaria de 2,55/1000 pacientes al día. La mediana de edad de los pacientes pediátricos fue de 5 años y la de los adultos de 56 y el 57% de ellos eran varones. Los principales diagnósticos de ingreso fueron complicaciones oncológicas (31%). La bacteriemia tuvo una tasa de mortalidad a los 30 días del 13%, predominantemente asociada al uso de catéter (37%). Los bacilos gramnegativos, sobre todo Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli y Pseudomonas aeruginosa, representaron el 58% de los casos de IAAS.  Discusión: Se destaca la necesidad crítica de contar con intervenciones específicas y de gestión antimicrobiana para controlar las IAAS, especialmente teniendo en cuenta los retos que planteó la pandemia de Covid-19.  Conclusiones: Este es el primer informe sobre la incidencia de las IAAS en un hospital terciario de Bucaramanga, Santander (Colombia). La bacteriemia predominó y 75% de los pacientes con IAAS presentaban comorbilidades. Predominaron los bacilos gramnegativos y se produjo un notable aumento de las infecciones respiratorias en las UCI durante la pandemia Covid-19 de 2020. Fue prevalente la resistencia a las cefalosporinas y a los carbapenémicos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo:  Introdução: As infeções associadas aos cuidados de saúde representam um desafio significativo, contribuindo para a morbilidade e mortalidade hospitalar.  Objetivo: Descrever o comportamento das Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde antes e durante a pandemia notificadas a uma instituição de saúde de alta complexidade na Colômbia.  Material e Métodos: Em nosso estudo observacional retrospectivo sobre Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde (IRAS), analisamos dados de todos os pacientes internados com diagnóstico de IRAS entre 2018 e 2020. Isso incluiu informações clínicas, demográficas, microbiológicas e de suscetibilidade microbiana coletadas do Comitê no banco de dados prospectivo de infecções hospitalares. Os dados de 391 isolados foram obtidos utilizando o software Whonet para vigilância da resistência antimicrobiana.  Resultados: Foram encontrados 504 casos de IRAS (2018-2020) com taxa global de infecção hospitalar de 2,55/1.000 pacientes-dia. A idade média para pacientes pediátricos foi de 5 anos, para adultos 56 anos, sendo 57% do sexo masculino. Os principais diagnósticos de admissão foram complicações de doenças oncológicas (31%). A bacteremia teve uma taxa de mortalidade em 30 dias de 13%, predominantemente associada ao cateter (37%). Bacilos Gram-negativos, notadamente Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, representaram 58% dos casos de IRAS.  Discussão: É destacada a necessidade crítica de intervenções específicas e gestão antimicrobiana para controlar as IACS, especialmente tendo em conta os desafios colocados pela pandemia da COVID-19.  Conclusões: Este é o primeiro relatório sobre a incidência de IRAS em um hospital terciário em Bucaramanga, Santander (Colômbia). A bacteremia foi predominante; 75% dos pacientes com IRAS apresentavam comorbidades. Prevaleceram bacilos Gram-negativos; um aumento notável nas infecções respiratórias em UTI ocorreu durante a pandemia de COVID-19 de 2020. A resistência à cefalosporina e aos carbapenêmicos foi prevalente.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Healthcare Associated Infection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Antibiotic Resistance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hospital Infection Control Services]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Infecciones Asociadas con el Sistema de Salud]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Resistencia a Antibióticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Servicios de Control de Infección Hospitalaria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Infecções Associadas ao Sistema de Saúde]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Resistência a Antibióticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Serviços de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[G]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ducel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[J]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabry]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[L]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nicolle]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Prevention of Hospital Acquired Infections: A practical Guide]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<edition>2</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Geneva ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Health Organization WHO/CDS/CSR/EPH/]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edwards]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bamberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beldavs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ZG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dumyati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kainer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Multistate Point Prevalence Survey of Health Care-Associated Infections]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>370</volume>
<numero>13</numero>
<issue>13</issue>
<page-range>1198-208</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</collab>
<source><![CDATA[National and State Healthcare-associated Infections Progress Report]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Myny]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Depuydt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colardyn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ventilator-associated pneumonia in a tertiary care ICU: analysis of risk factors for acquisition and mortality]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Clin. Belg]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>114-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán-Herrador]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navajas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RFC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Independent risk factors associated with hospital-acquired pneumonia in an adult ICU: 4-year prospective cohort study in a university reference hospital]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Public Health (Oxf)]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>378-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Antiseptic mouthwash, the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway, and hospital mortality: a hypothesis generating review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Intensive Care Med]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>28-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Otero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Menezes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IBB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Issa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agareno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carmo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Factors associated with mortality in critically ill patients diagnosed with hospital acquired infections]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Infect Drug Resist]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>2811-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>World Health Organization</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Guidelines on core components of infection prevention and control programmes at the national and acute health care facility level. World Health Organization]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allegranzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nejad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Combescure]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Graafmans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Attar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donaldson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: Systematic review and meta analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Lancet]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>377</volume>
<numero>9761</numero>
<issue>9761</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hellinger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cohen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bailey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence of healthcare- associated infections in acute care hospitals in Jacksonville, Florida]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>283-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fridkin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Welbel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weinstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Magnitude and prevention of nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Infect Dis Clin North Am]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>479-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto Nacional de Salud</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Dirección de redes en salud pública. Informe de resultados de la vigilancia por laboratorio de resistencia antimicrobiana en infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud (IAAS 2018)]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tamma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milstone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Infection control implications of heterogeneous resistance mechanisms in carbapenem- resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>95-108</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Canton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gijon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz-Garbajosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Antimicrobial resistance in ICUs: An update in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Crit Care]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>433-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bork]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leekha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Claeys]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tripoli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amoroso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Change in hospital antibiotic use and acquisition of multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms after the onset of coronavirus disease 2019]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>1115-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcia-Vidal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanjuan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno-Garcia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puerta-Alcalde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcia-Pouton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chumbita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Incidence of co-infections and superinfections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Microbiol Infect]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>83-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hererra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ER]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sakhuja]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Predictors and outcomes of healthcare-associated infections in COVID-19 patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>104</volume>
<page-range>287-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Toole]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The interface between COVID-19 and bacterial healthcare-associated infections]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Microbiol Infect]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>1772-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dudeck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Infect Control]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>309-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ye]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Positive RT-PCR test results in patients recovered from COVID19]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>323</volume>
<numero>15</numero>
<issue>15</issue>
<page-range>1502-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stelling]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Brien]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance: the WHONET program]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clinical infectious diseases]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>S157-S68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wintaco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quintero-Lesmes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Granados]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Base Datos IAAS - Analysis Healthcare Infections before and during of COVID-19 pandemic in a Colombian hospital]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[GitLab]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aranaz-Andrés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aibar-Remón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Limón-Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amarillac]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Restrepo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Urroze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diseño del estudio IBEAS: prevalencia de efectos adversos en hospitales de Latinoamérica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de calidad asistencial]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>194-200</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodriguez-Noriega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bavestrello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán-Blanco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gram-negative infections in adult intensive care units of latin america and the caribbean]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Crit Care Res and Pract]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sikora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zahra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nosocomial Infections]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[StatPearls]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[StatPearls Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Subbalakshmi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Surveillance of Hospital Acquired Infection from Frequently Handled Surfaces in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int. J.Curr. Microbiol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>860-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montañez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buitrago]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Frequency of microorganisms isolated in patients with bacteremia in intensive care units in Colombia and their resistance profiles]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Braz J Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>346-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ovalle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saavedra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buitrago]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Emergence of resistance to third generation cephalosporins by Enterobacteriaceae causing community-onset urinary tract infections in hospitals in Colombia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>298-303</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stewart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robertson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kennedy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kavanagh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haahr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manoukian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Personalized infection prevention and control: identifying patients at risk of healthcare-associated infection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Hosp Infect]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>114</volume>
<page-range>32-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camacho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sáenz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Boletín informativo GREBO]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sligl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dragan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nosocomial Gram-negative bacteremia in intensive care: Epidemiology, antimicrobial susceptibilities, and outcomes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J of Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>129-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dananché]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bénet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allaouchiche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Argaud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dauwalder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Targeted screening for third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae carriage among patients admitted to intensive care units: a quasi-experimental study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[CritCare]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Langford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marchand-Austin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adomako]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saedi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Benefits and Harms of Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Urinary Tract Infection in Older Adults]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costelloe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Metcalfe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lovering]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of antibiotic prescribing in primary care on antimicrobial resistance in individual patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMJ]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>340</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pantin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SAL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yenior]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pujalte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GGA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Urinary Tract Infection Antibiotic Resistance in the United States]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Prim Care]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>455-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gamalathge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PU]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kularatna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Senanayake]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Graves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce the risk of healthcare-acquired infections in middle-income countries: A systematic review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Infect Prev]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>266-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zimlichman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Henderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tamir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Franz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Song]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Health care-associated infections: a meta-analysis of costs and financial impact on the US health care system]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA Intern Med]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>173</volume>
<numero>22</numero>
<issue>22</issue>
<page-range>2039-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Voidazan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grigorescu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rachita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moldovan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Healthcare Associated Infections-A New Pathology in Medical Practice?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Environ Res Public Health]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>760</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hurford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fisman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Linkingantimicrobial prescribing toantimicrobial resistance in the ICU: Before and after an antimicrobial stewardship program]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Epidemics]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>203-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katsios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jivraj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lapinsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wax]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An antimicrobial stewardship program improves antimicrobial treatment by culture site and the quality of antimicrobial prescribing in critically ill patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[CritCare]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
