<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2346-3775</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Trop. Grassl.-Forrajes Trop.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2346-3775</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT)]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2346-37752018000100026</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17138/tgft(6)26-33</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Germination of tropical forage seeds stored for six years in ambient and controlled temperature and humidity conditions in Thailand]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Germinación de semilla de forrajeras tropicales durante seis años de almacenamiento bajo condiciones ambientales y condiciones de temperatura y humedad controladas en Tailandia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HARE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MICHAEL D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SUTIN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NADDAKORN]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PHENGPHET]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SUPAPHAN]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SONGSIRI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[THEERACHAI]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Ubon Ratchathani University Faculty of Agriculture ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ubon Ratchathani ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Ubon Forage Seeds Co. Ltd  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Thailand</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>26</fpage>
<lpage>33</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2346-37752018000100026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2346-37752018000100026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2346-37752018000100026&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The germination performances of fresh seed lots were determined for 5 tropical forage species: Mulato II hybrid brachiaria [Urochloa ruziziensis (syn. Brachiaria ruziziensis) x U. decumbens (syn. B. decumbens) x U. brizantha (syn. B. brizantha)], Mombasa guinea [Megathyrsus maximus (syn. Panicum maximum)], Tanzania guinea [M. maximus (syn. P. maximum)], Ubon paspalum (Paspalum atratum) and Ubon stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis), stored under ambient conditions in Thailand (mean monthly temperatures 23-34 °C; mean monthly relative humidity 40-92%) or in a cool room (18-20 °C and 50% relative humidity) for up to 6 years. The first paper of this study showed all seeds, except unscarified Ubon stylo seed, were dead after a single year of storage in ambient conditions. This second paper shows that cool-room storage extended seed viability, but performance varied considerably between species. Germination percentage under laboratory conditions declined to below 50%, after 3 years storage for Mombasa guinea seed and Tanzania guinea seed, 4 years for Ubon paspalum seed and 4-5 years for Mulato II seed. Ubon stylo seed maintained high germination for 5 years, in both cool-room storage (96%) and ambient-room storage (84%). Apparent embryo dormancy in acid-scarified Mulato II seed steadily increased with time in cool-storage and this seed had to be acid-scarified again each year at the time of germination testing to overcome dormancy. Physical dormancy of Mulato II seeds, imposed by the tightly bound lemma and palea in unscarified seed, was not overcome by length of time in cool-storage and these seeds had to be acid-scarified to induce germination. Hardseeded percentage in Ubon stylo seed remained high throughout the study and could be overcome only by acid-scarification. The difficulties of maintaining acceptable seed germination percentages when storing forage seeds in the humid tropics are discussed.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En Tailandia se determinó la germinación de semilla de 5 cultivares de forrajeras tropicales: Urochloa híbrido cv. Mulato II, Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombasa, M. maximus cv. Tanzania, Paspalum atratum cv. Ubon, y Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Ubon stylo, almacenadas bajo condiciones ambientales (temperaturas promedio mensuales 23-34 °C; humedad relativa 40-92%) o controladas en cuarto frío (18-20 °C; 50% humedad relativa) durante 6 años. Mientras en un estudio previo se encontró que bajo condiciones ambientales todas las semillas, excepto las de Ubon stylo no escarificadas con ácido, perdieron su viabilidad después de 1 año de almacenamiento, en este segundo estudio se encontró que el almacenamiento en cuarto frío prolongó su viabilidad, aunque con una alta variabilidad entre especies. La germinación bajó a &lt;50% después de 3 años de almacenamiento para M. maximus cvs. Tanzania y Mombasa, 4 años para Paspalum atratum cv. Ubon y 4-5 años para Urochloa híbrido cv. Mulato II. La semilla de S. guianensis cv. Ubon-stylo mantuvo una alta germinación durante 5 años de almacenamiento tanto en cuarto frío (96%) como bajo condiciones ambientales (85%). La dormancia del embrión en las semillas de cv. Mulato II, escarificadas con ácido, aumentó constantemente con el tiempo de almacenamiento en cuarto frío; por tanto, para romperla fue necesario escarificar la semilla con ácido nuevamente cada año en el momento de la prueba de germinación. De la misma forma, la dormancia física de las semillas del cv. Mulato II impuesta por la lemma y pálea fuertemente unidas en semillas no escarificadas con ácido, no se rompió con el tiempo de almacenamiento en cuarto frío, por lo que fue necesario escarificar con ácido para inducir la germinación. El porcentaje de semilla dura de S. guianensis cv. Ubon-stylo permaneció muy alto durante todo el estudio y la germinación solo se pudo inducir mediante escarificación con ácido. Se discuten las dificultades para mantener la germinación de las semillas y almacenar semilla de forrajeras en el trópico húmedo.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Embryo dormancy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hardseededness]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[humid tropics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[seed storage]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[seed viability]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Almacenamiento de semilla]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dormancia del embrión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dormancia física]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dureza de semilla]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[trópico húmedo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[viabilidad]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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