<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2619-6573</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Ensayos de Economía]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Ens. Econ.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2619-6573</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2619-65732019000200037</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15446/ede.v29n55.76224</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Índice de incertidumbre de política económica (EPU) para Colombia, 2000-2017]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Economic Policy Uncertainty Index (EPU) for Colombia, 2000-2017]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gil-León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Mauricio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva-Pinzón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tunja ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tunja ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>55</numero>
<fpage>37</fpage>
<lpage>56</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2619-65732019000200037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2619-65732019000200037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2619-65732019000200037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En este artículo se pretende estimar un índice de incertidumbre de política económica -EPU- usando la metodología de Baker, Bloom &amp; Davis (2016), donde se identifican palabras asociadas a incertidumbre. Por lo tanto, tomando información del diario El Tiempo se construye el índice con frecuencia mensual, encontrando que en momentos de tensiones políticas y económicas su valor se eleva. Además, es claro que tiene asociación con otros índices de expectativas, como el índice de confianza del consumidor, y con los mismos índices a nivel internacional. Finalmente, a través de un análisis VAR se encontró una respuesta negativa de la inversión y el consumo a incrementos en la incertidumbre. JEL: P16; Z28; C43; D80.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In this paper, we intend to estimate an Economic Policy Uncertainty index -EPU- using the Baker, Bloom and Davis (2016) methodology, where words associated with uncertainty are identified. Therefore, taking information from the newspaper El Tiempo, the index is built on a monthly basis, finding that in moments of political and economic tension its value rises. In addition, it is clear that it is associated with other expectations indexes, such as consumer confidence, and with the same indices at an international level. Finally, through a VAR analysis, there was a negative response from investors and consumers to increases in uncertainty. JEL: P16; Z28; C43; D80.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[incertidumbre]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[confianza]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[EPU]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[política]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Colombia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[uncertainty]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[trust]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[EPU]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[politics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Colombia]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>[1]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aizenman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Policy Uncertainty, Persistence and Growth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[National Bureau of Economic Research]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>[2]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Antonakakis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chatziantoniou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Filis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dynamic Co-Movements of Stock Market Returns, Implied Volatility and Policy Uncertainty]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economics Letters]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>120</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>87-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>[3]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arango]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Posada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Política monetaria para la coyuntura y el mediano plazo: observaciones y conjeturas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Borradores de Economía]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>526</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Banco de la República]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>[4]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ávila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El costo económico de la incertidumbre]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>143</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad del CEMA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>[5]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bloom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wright]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Short and Long Run Uncertainty]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[National Bureau of Economic Research]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>23676</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[NBER Working Papers]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>[6]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bloom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Quarterly Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>131</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1593-636</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>[7]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>BBC Mundo</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Congreso de EE.UU. pone fin a cierre del gobierno]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BBC]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<month>,</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>[8]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beltrán-Saavedra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Precio del petróleo y el ajuste de las tasas de interés en las economías emergentes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Borradores de economía]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>901</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Banco de la República]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>[9]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernanke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Irreversibility, Uncertainty and Cyclical Investment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Quarterly Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>85-106</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>[10]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Birchenall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Inversion, q de Tobin, e incertidumbre en la industria colombiana]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Desarrollo y Sociedad]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<page-range>149-207</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>[11]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bloom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The impact of Uncertainty Shocks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>623-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>[12]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bloom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fluctuations in Uncertainty]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Perspective]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>153-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>[13]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caldara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iacoviello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Measuring Geopolitical Risk]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Finance Discussion Papers]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>1222</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>[14]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Uncertainty, the Economy and Policy]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Bank of England]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>[15]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cerda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Á.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valente]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Economic Uncertainty Impact in a Small Open Economy: The Case of Chile]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Centro Latinoamericano de Políticas Económicas y Sociales]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>[16]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Darby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hughes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ireland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piscitelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Impact of the Exchange Rate Uncertainty on the level of investment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Economic Journal]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>109</volume>
<numero>454</numero>
<issue>454</issue>
<page-range>55-67</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>[17]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An Index of Global Economic Policy Uncertainty]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[NBER Working Paper]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>22740</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[National Bureau of Economic Research]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>[18]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delgado-Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rincón-Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Incertidumbre acerca de la política fiscal y ciclo económico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Borradores de economía]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>1008</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Banco de la República]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>[19]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clévy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Determinantes del spread bancario en Nicaragua: un análisis econométrico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Monetaria]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>185-216</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>[20]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Dinero</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Precipicio fiscal ya hizo daño a la economía de EE.UU]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<month>,</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>[21]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erdal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Investment Decisions Under Real Exchange Rate Uncertainty]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>[22]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Fedesarrollo</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Podrá afectarse el sector real por la turbulencia en los mercados financieros?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Tendencia Económica]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<numero>51</numero>
<issue>51</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>[23]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Fedesarrollo</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reflexiones sobre la reciente decisión de política monetaria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Tendencia Económica]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<numero>70</numero>
<issue>70</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>[24]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Fedesarrollo</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La reforma tributaria y las necesidades del cuatrienio]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Tendencia Económica]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<numero>147</numero>
<issue>147</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>[25]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[De la quiebra del Lehman Brothers a la crisis de la deuda soberana en Europa: el quinquenio gris de los mercados financieros internacionales]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía y Desarrollo]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>154</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>45-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>[26]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garavito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El choque petrolero y sus implicaciones en la economía colombiana]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Borradores de economía]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>906</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Banco de la Repúplica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>[27]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gazol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Una crónica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[ECONOMÍA unam]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>36</numero>
<issue>36</issue>
<page-range>49-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>[28]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gujarati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Porter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Econometría]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<edition>5</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGraw-Hill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>[29]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haddow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hare]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hooley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shakir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Macroeconomic Uncertainty: What Is It, How Can We Measure It and Why Does It Matter?]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Bank of England]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>[30]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Higgs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regime Uncertainty: Why the Great Depression Lasted So Long and Why Prosperity Resumed After the War]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Independent Review]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>561-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>[31]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Julio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grajales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[¿Qué nos dicen los índices de confianza?]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>659</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Banco de la República]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>[32]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knight]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Risk, Uncertainty and Profit]]></source>
<year>1921</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boston ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>[33]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kok]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kroese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parlevliet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Beleidsonzekerheid in Nederland]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economisch Statistische Berichten]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>100</volume>
<numero>4715</numero>
<issue>4715</issue>
<page-range>464-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>[34]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Londoño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La travesía de una democracia incompleta: reformas políticas en Colombia (1991-2015)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casas-Zamora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chanto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz-Pogossian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vidaurri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Reformas políticas en América Latina: tendencias y casos]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<page-range>183-226</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, DC. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Organización de los Estados Americanos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>[35]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melo-Becerra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos-Forero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parrado-Galvis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zarate-Solano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bonanzas y crisis de la actividad petrolera y su efecto sobre la economía colombiana]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Borradores de economía]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>961</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Banco de la República]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>[36]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Observatorio legislativo</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Implicaciones económicas einstitucionales del referendo reeleccionista]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<numero>143</numero>
<issue>143</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>[37]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Partow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Incertidumbre económica e inversión privada en Colombia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Borradores de Economía]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Banco de la República]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>[38]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El costo social de la incertidumbre macroeconómica. Venezuela, 1968-2004. Una perspectiva]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Perfil de Coyuntura Económica]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>117-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>[39]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Incertidumbre, gobernabilidad y crecimiento económico. Venezuela. 19682010]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Economía Institucional]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>28</numero>
<issue>28</issue>
<page-range>313-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>[40]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La crisis de los TES: un año después]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Corficolombiana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>[41]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pindyck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Irreversibility Uncertainty and Investment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Literature]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1110-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>[42]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Primera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alandete]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Chávez rompe relaciones diplomáticas con Colombia y pone en alerta la frontera]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<month>,</month>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[El País]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>[43]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Posada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Incertidumbre macroeconómica e inversión real en Colombia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sociedad y Economía]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>269-300</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>[44]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz-Nápoles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Repercusiones del atentado de septiembre en Estados Unidos sobre las economías estadounidense y mexicana]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valadés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Váldes-Ugalde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Globalidad y conflicto: Estados Unidos y la crisis de septiembre]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<page-range>309-19</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>[45]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarmiento]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La Crisis Andina. El trasffondo político de sus causas, resolución y vigencia. Quórum]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de pensamiento iberoamericano]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>93-104</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>[46]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Semana</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Referendo: historia de una causa perdida]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<month>,</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>[47]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Streb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Por qué importan las instituciones políticas para el desempeño económico: incertidumbre política y subdesarrollo]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad del CEMA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>[48]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villarraga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gobierno Pastrana: diálogo, negociación y ruptura con las FARC-EP y con el ELN]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villarraga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Biblioteca de la paz. Los procesos de paz en Colombia, 1982-2014 (documento resumen)]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>139-81</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundación Cultura Democrática]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>[49]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zalla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Economic Policy Uncertainty in Ireland]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Atlantic Economic Journal]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>269-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
