<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2665-2056</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de investigación e innovación en ciencias de la salud]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Investig. Innov. Cienc. Salud]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2665-2056</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundación Universitaria María Cano]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2665-20562026000200001</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46634/riics.505</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Effectiveness of Physical Exercise on Frailty, Aerobic Capacity, and Functional Classification in Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Efectividad del ejercicio físico en la fragilidad, capacidad aeróbica y clasificación funcional del adulto mayor con diabetes]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopera-Muñeton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Catalina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ribero-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Fernanda]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osorio-Ciro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pestana-Montoya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Simon]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velásquez-Quintero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luisa Fernanda]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Betancur-Bedoya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Silvia Patricia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,María Cano University Foundation Faculty of Health Sciences Department of Physiotherapy]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Independent Researcher  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Alma Mater Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2665-20562026000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2665-20562026000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2665-20562026000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction.  Frailty and functional decline are major concerns in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Exercise has been proposed as a potential intervention to mitigate these outcomes.  Objective.  To evaluate the effectiveness of a physical exercise program on frailty, aerobic capacity, and functional status in older adults with T2DM.  Methods.  A retrospective quasi-experimental study was conducted using repeated pre- and post-intervention measures obtained from secondary data sources. Clinical records of patients with T2DM aged 60-90 years who received care at Alma Mater Hospital (Colombia) were reviewed retrospectively. Medical charts from 2021 to 2023 were examined to extract baseline and follow-up outcomes, resulting in a final sample of 587 participants. The intervention consisted of group sessions including aerobic, strength, and balance exercises over 12 months, complemented with home-based exercise recommendations. Outcomes assessed were aerobic capacity (METS and VO&#8322;max), functionality (functional classification), and frailty (Groningen Frailty Index). Statistical analysis included Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and Spearman&#8217;s correlations.  Results.  Significant improvements were observed in METS (4.46±1.89 to 4.53±1.92; p = 0.000), VO&#8322;max (15.62±6.62 to 15.87±6.72 L/min; p = 0.000), gait speed (0.90±0.33 m/s to 1.07±0.34 m/s; p = 0.000), and 5-meter walk time (6.19±1.90 s to 5.07±1.78 s; p = 0.000). Higher functional classes (2A and 2B) increased, while classes 3 and 4 decreased. HbA1c levels decreased significantly (7.71±1.68 to 7.55±1.66; p = 0.000). Although the Groningen Frailty Index did not show significant changes, a positive correlation was observed between improved aerobic capacity and reduced frailty.  Conclusions. The intervention was associated with favorable changes in the evaluated outcomes, suggesting that exercise may play an important role as a clinical strategy for managing chronic non-communicable diseases. These findings should be interpreted with appropriate caution given the retrospective quasi-experimental design, and additional controlled studies are recommended to further support these results.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción.  La fragilidad y el deterioro funcional representan problemáticas relevantes en los adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). El ejercicio se ha planteado como una intervención potencial para atenuar estos desenlaces.  Objetivo.  Evaluar la efectividad de un programa de ejercicio físico en la fragilidad, la capacidad aeróbica y la clasificación funcional del adulto mayor con diabetes.  Métodos. Se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental retrospectivo utilizando medidas repetidas pre y post-intervención obtenidas de fuentes de datos secundarias. Se revisaron retrospectivamente los registros clínicos de pacientes con DM2 de 60 a 90 años que recibieron atención en el Hospital Alma Mater (Colombia). Se examinaron las historias clínicas correspondientes al período 2021-2023 para extraer los resultados iniciales y de seguimiento, obteniéndose una muestra final de 587 participantes. La intervención incluyó sesiones grupales de ejercicio aeróbico, de fuerza y equilibrio durante 12 meses, con recomendaciones de ejercicios en casa. Se evaluaron la capacidad aeróbica (METS y VO2max), la funcionalidad (clasificación funcional) y la fragilidad (Índice de Groningen).  Resultados.  Se observaron mejoras significativas en METS (4.46±1.89 a 4.53±1.92; p = 0.000) y VO2max (15.62±6.62 a 15.87±6.72 L/min; p = 0.000). Las clases funcionales (2A y 2B) aumentaron, mientras que las clases 3 y 4 disminuyeron. La velocidad de marcha mejoró (0.90±0.33 m/s a 1.07±0.34 m/s; p=0.000) y el tiempo para recorrer 5 metros se redujo (6.19±1.90 s a 5.07±1.78 s; p=0.000). Aunque el Índice de Groningen no mostró cambios significativos, se observó una correlación positiva entre la mejora en la capacidad aeróbica y la reducción de la fragilidad. La hemoglobina glicosilada disminuyó de 7.71±1.68% a 7.55±1.66% (p = 0.000).  Conclusiones.  La intervención se asoció con cambios favorables en los resultados evaluados, lo que sugiere que el ejercicio puede desempeñar un papel importante como estrategia clínica para el manejo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Estos hallazgos deben interpretarse con la debida cautela, dado el diseño cuasi-experimental retrospectivo, y se recomienda realizar estudios prospectivos controlados para respaldar estos resultados.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Exercise therapy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[frailty]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[diabetes mellitus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[aged]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rehabilitation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[chronic disease]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[physical therapy modalities]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ejercicio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fragilidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[diabetes mellitus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tercera edad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[rehabilitación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[enfermedad crónica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fisioterapia]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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