<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-3347</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Colombian Journal of Anestesiology]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. colomb. anestesiol.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-3347</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SCARE-Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-33472025000300006</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5554/22562087.e1146</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Incidence of postoperative residual neuromuscular blockade: a prospective observational study]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Incidencia del bloqueo neuromuscular residual posoperatorio: un estudio observacional prospectivo]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vélez-Agudelo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diego Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salazar-Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Santiago Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alex]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casas-Arroyave]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fabián David]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Antioquia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Antioquia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>53</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-33472025000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-33472025000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-33472025000300006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction The use of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers (ND-NMB) is essential in anesthetic management as it improves ventilation conditions, airway management, and surgical conditions. However, the residual neuromuscular blockade (RNMB) in the immediate postoperative period derived from the use of these agents is associated with complications such as desaturation, pneumonia, and unplanned intensive care unit admission. The incidence varies significantly across different studies, and associated risk factors have not been consistent.  Objective To estimate the incidence of RNMB and to identify characteristics of intraoperative management and potential risk factors for RNMB.  Methods A prospective observational study was conducted at a university hospital, using convenience sampling. Train-of-four (TOF) measurements were performed in the post-anesthesia care unit. An exploratory multivariate analysis was performed to identify potential risk factors.  Results A total of 300 patients were included. The incidence of residual neuromuscular blockade (RNMB) was 19% (95% CI: 14.9% - 23.8%). Evidence of relaxation monitoring was observed in 21.3% of the patients. Significant associations with RNMB were found for female gender (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.02 - 3.81), absence of pharmacological reversal (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.02 -5.24), abdominal surgery (OR 2.81, 95% CI 1.37 -5.72), and multiple intraoperative doses of ND-NMBs (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.48 - 5.18).  Conclusions Residual neuromuscular blockade (RNMB) is common in our setting, with a low frequency of intraoperative monitoring. The associated risk factors identified can point to specific scenarios that require special attention.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción: El uso de bloqueadores neuromusculares no despolarizantes (ND-NMB) es esencial en el manejo anestésico, ya que mejora las condiciones de ventilación, el manejo de la vía aérea y las condiciones quirúrgicas. Sin embargo, el bloqueo neuromuscular residual (RNMB) en el periodo posoperatorio inmediato derivado del uso de estos agentes se asocia con complicaciones como desaturación, neumonía y admisión no planificada en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. La incidencia varía significativamente entre diferentes estudios y los factores de riesgo asociados no han sido consistentes.  Objetivo: Estimar la incidencia e identificar características del manejo intraoperatorio y posibles factores de riesgo para RNMB.  Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional prospectivo en un hospital universitario, utilizando un muestreo por conveniencia. Se realizaron mediciones de Train-of-Four (TOF) en la unidad de cuidados posanestésicos. Se hizo un análisis multivariado exploratorio para identificar posibles factores de riesgo.  Resultados: Se incluyeron 300 pacientes. La incidencia de bloqueo neuromuscular residual (RNMB) fue del 19% (IC 95%: 14,9%-23,8%). Se observó monitoreo de la relajación neuromuscular en el 21,3% de los pacientes. Se encontraron asociaciones significativas con RNMB para el sexo femenino (OR 1,97; IC 95%: 1,02-3,81), ausencia de reversión farmacológica (OR 2,31; IC 95%: 1,02-5,24), cirugía abdominal (OR 2,81; IC 95%: 1,37-5,72) y múltiples dosis intraoperatorias de ND-NMB (OR 2,77; IC 95%: 1,48-5,18).  Conclusiones: El RNMB es común en el entorno, con una baja frecuencia de monitoreo intraoperatorio. Los factores de riesgo asociados identificados pueden señalar escenarios específicos que requieren atención especial.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Anesthesia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Neuromuscular blockade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Incidence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Risk factor]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Surgery]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Neuromuscular blocking agents]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Anestesia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Bloqueo neuromuscular]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Incidencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Factor de riesgo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cirugía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Agentes bloqueadores neuromusculares]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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