<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0124-8170</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Ciencia e Ingeniería Neogranadina]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Cienc. Ing. Neogranad.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0124-8170</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Militar Nueva Granada]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0124-81702024000200043</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18359/rcin.7272</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Flujo de potencia óptimo en sistemas de distribución AC/DC bajo un enfoque de nexo energía-agua-carbono para el desarrollo sostenible de comunidades aisladas]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Optimal Power Flow in AC/DC Distribution Systems Under an Energy- Water-Carbon Nexus Approach for the Sustainable Development of Isolated Communities]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Fluxo de potência ideal em sistemas de distribuição AC/DC sob uma abordagem de nexo energia-água-carbono para o desenvolvimento sustentável de comunidades isoladas]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valencia Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallego Rendón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ramón Alfonso]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toro Ocampo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eliana Mirledy]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Pereira ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Pereira ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>43</fpage>
<lpage>61</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0124-81702024000200043&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0124-81702024000200043&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0124-81702024000200043&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: En esta investigación se propone un modelo matemático que permite obtener la operación óptima de una red eléctrica híbrida AC/DC y el sistema de agua en comunidades aisladas, mientras se gestionan las emisiones de dióxido de carbono. De esta manera, la operación óptima de este nexo energía-agua-carbono permite contribuir al desarrollo sostenible de las comunidades aisladas. En el problema se considera la operación óptima de los elementos de la red AC/DC (voltajes, corrientes, el índice de modulación de los convertidores y el estado de operación del convertidor, es decir, si debe trabajar como inversor o rectificador), la operación óptima del generador diésel para disminuir las emisiones de dióxido de carbono, la operación óptima de los sistemas de baterías para aprovechar al máximo las fuentes renovables y así reducir las emisiones de dióxido de carbono y la operación óptima de la planta desalinizadora de agua de mar y el tanque de agua (operación óptima de las bombas de vaciado y llenado del tanque). En este trabajo se plantea un nuevo modelo no lineal entero mixto, que permite representar el problema propuesto. Este modelo considera la eficiencia de los convertidores y los sistemas de baterías. Es implementado en GAMS y resuelto con el solucionador de optimización comercial BQNMIN. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los recursos energéticos distribuidos permiten disminuir las emisiones de dióxido de carbono y los costos operativos del nexo energía-agua-carbono de la comunidad aislada, en aproximadamente un 36 %.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This research proposes a mathematical model aimed at achieving optimal operation of a hybrid AC/DC electrical network and water system in isolated communities, while managing carbon dioxide emissions. The optimal operation of this energy-water-carbon nexus contributes to the sustainable development of these communities. The optimization problem encompasses various aspects, including the efficient operation of network components such as voltages, currents, and converter modulation indices, along with the operational state of converters (i.e., whether they should function as inverters or rectifiers). Additionally, the model considers the optimal operation of diesel generators to minimize carbon dioxide emissions, while battery systems are optimized to maximize renewable energy utilization and, consequently, reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, the optimal operation of a seawater desalination plant and a water tank, including the effective management of pumps for tank filling and emptying, is also addressed. In this work, a new mixed integer nonlinear model is proposed to represent the problem. This model allows the efficiency of converters and battery systems to be considered. The model is implemented in GAMS and solved with the commercial optimization solver BONMIN. The results obtained show that distributed energy resources can reduce carbon dioxide emissions and operating costs of the energy-water-carbon nexus of the isolated community by approximately 36%.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo: Nesta pesquisa, propõe-se um modelo matemático que permite obter a operação ideal de uma rede elétrica híbrida AC/DC e do sistema de água em comunidades isoladas, enquanto se gerenciam as emissões de dióxido de carbono. Dessa forma, a operação ideal desse nexo energia-água-carbono contribui para o desenvolvimento sustentável das comunidades isoladas. No problema, considera-se a operação ideal dos elementos da rede AC/DC (tensões, correntes, o índice de modulação dos conversores e o estado de operação do conversor, ou seja, se deve funcionar como inversor ou retificador), a operação ideal do gerador a diesel para reduzir as emissões de dióxido de carbono, a operação ideal dos sistemas de baterias para aproveitar ao máximo as fontes renováveis e, assim, reduzir as emissões de dióxido de carbono, e a operação ideal da planta dessalinizadora de água do mar e do tanque de água (operação ideal das bombas de esvaziamento e enchimento do tanque). Neste trabalho, propõe-se um novo modelo não linear inteiro misto, que permite representar o problema proposto. Esse modelo considera a eficiência dos conversores e dos sistemas de baterias. É implementado no GAMS e resolvido com o solucionador de otimização comercial BONMIN. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os recursos energéticos distribuídos permitem reduzir as emissões de dióxido de carbono e os custos operacionais do nexo energia-água-carbono da comunidade isolada em aproximadamente 36%.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[flujo de potencia óptimo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[red híbrida AC/DC]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nexo energía-agua-carbono]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[objetivos de desarrollo sostenible]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[recursos energéticos distribuidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[planta desalinizadora de agua de mar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Optimal Power Flow]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[AC/DC Hybrid Network]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Energy-water-carbon Nexus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Sustainable Development Goals]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Distributed Energy Resources]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Seawater Desalination Plant]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[fluxo de potência ideal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[rede híbrida AC/DC]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[nexo energia-água-carbono]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[recursos energéticos distribuídos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[planta dessalinizadora de água do mar]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>[1]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Congreso de la República de Colombia</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Ley 1715 de 2014]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>[2]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Congreso de la República de Colombia</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Ley 2099 de 2021]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>[3]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gaona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trujillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guacaneme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rural microgrids and its potential application in Colombia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>125-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>[4]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvajal-Romo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Assessment of solar and wind energy potential in La Guajira, Colombia: Current status, and future prospects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>100531</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>[5]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mamaghani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. Haghighat]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Techno-economic feasibility of photovoltaic, wind, diesel and hybrid electrification systems for off-grid rural electrification in Colombia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Renew Energy]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>97</volume>
<page-range>293-305</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>[6]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hinestroza-Olascuaga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cardoso de Jesús]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lowering risk intolerance to unlock private investments in renewable energy-based rural electrification]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Energy for Sustainable Development]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<page-range>258-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>[7]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Research on Energy Efficiency of DC Distribution System]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[AASRI Procedia]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>68-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>[8]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lotfi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khodaei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[AC Versus DC Microgrid Planning]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Trans Smart Grid]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>296-304</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>[9]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parkash]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Technological aspects, utilization and impact on power system for distributed generation: A comprehensive survey]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>192</volume>
<page-range>114257</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>[10]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lotfi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khodaei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hybrid AC/DC microgrid planning]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Energy]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>118</volume>
<page-range>37-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>[11]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azeem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Comprehensive Review on Integration Challenges, Optimization Techniques and Control Strategies of Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Sciences]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>14</numero>
<issue>14</issue>
<page-range>6242</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>[12]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Charadi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efficiency and energy-loss analysis for hybrid AC/DC distribution systems and microgrids: A review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>[13]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bharatee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Subudhi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghosh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Power Management Strategies in a Hybrid Energy Storage System Integrated AC/DC Microgrid: A Review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Energies]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>19</numero>
<issue>19</issue>
<page-range>7176</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Basel ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>[14]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Energy-saving opportunities of direct-DC loads in buildings]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Appl Energy]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>248</volume>
<page-range>274-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>[15]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodriguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arcos-Aviles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guinjoan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Simple fuzzy logic-based energy management for power exchange in isolated multi-microgrid systems: A case study in a remote community in the Amazon region of Ecuador]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Appl Energy]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>357</volume>
<page-range>122522</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>[16]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Avilés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Wayúu tragedy: death, water and the imperatives of global capitalism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Third World Q]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>1750-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>[17]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Granit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Microgrids through the Energy-Water-Food Security Nexus in La Guajira, Colombia: Increasing water and food security or jeopardizing groundwater levels?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Energy Res Soc Sci]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<page-range>102814</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>[18]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What technologies are being applied in La Guajira (Colombia) for the collection and distribution of water?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Tekhnê]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>39-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>[19]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrano-Florez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analysis and simulation of reverse osmosis equipment: Case of La Guajira, Colombia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comput Chem Eng]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>171</volume>
<page-range>108145</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>[20]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desalination for agriculture: water quality and plant chemistry, technologies and challenges]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Water Supply]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1505-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>[21]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desalination of Seawater for Agricultural Irrigation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Water]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1712</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Basel ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>[22]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hipólito-Valencia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Incorporating a seawater desalination scheme in the optimal water use in agricultural activities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Agric Water Manag]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>244</volume>
<page-range>106552</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>[23]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kharraz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. El]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desalination for Agriculture: Is It Affordable?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biosaline Agriculture as a Climate Change Adaptation for Food Security]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<page-range>377-95</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cham ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer International Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>[24]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A comprehensive review of energy consumption of seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Appl Energy]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>254</volume>
<page-range>113652</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>[25]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nassrullah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hashaikeh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hilal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Energy for desalination: A state-of-the-art review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Desalination]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>491</volume>
<page-range>114569</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>[26]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Curto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[V]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Franzitta]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guercio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Applied Sciences]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>670</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>[27]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rehman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Sulaiman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A hybrid renewable energy system as a potential energy source for water desalination using reverse osmosis: A review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>97</volume>
<page-range>456477</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>[28]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bundschuh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[State-of-the-art of renewable energy sources used in water desalination: Present and future prospects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Desalination]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>508</volume>
<page-range>115035</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>[29]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mehrjerdi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aljabery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Modeling and Optimal Planning of an Energy-Water-Carbon Nexus System for Sustainable Development of Local Communities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Adv Sustain Syst]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>[30]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>[31]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Vera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dufo-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernal-Agustín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Optimization of Isolated Hybrid Microgrids with Renewable Energy Based on Different Battery Models and Technologies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Energies]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>581</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Basel ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>[32]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pompodakis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Massier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Optimal Operation of Islanded AC/DC Hybrid Microgrids]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[2021 IEEE Power &amp; Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), IEEE]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<page-range>1-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>[33]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Optimal Power Flow Calculation Method for AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Network Based on Power Router]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Asia Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering (ACPEE)]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2021</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1694-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>[34]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pullaguram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Optimal Power Flow in AC/DC Microgrids With Enhanced Interlinking Converter Modeling]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>527-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>[35]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chowdhury]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M.-U.-T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[SOCP Based Novel OPF Analysis Model for AC-DC Hybrid Power Distribution Networks]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid, and Renewable Energy (PESGRE)]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2023</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>[36]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Padhy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. Prasad]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A new iterative mixed integer linear programming based real time energy efficient management of AC-DC distribution networks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Electrical Power &amp; Energy Systems]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>157</volume>
<page-range>109793</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>[37]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Optimal power flow research of AC-DC hybrid grid with multiple energy routers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Electric Power Systems Research]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>228</volume>
<page-range>110090</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>[38]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Micro Water-Energy Nexus: Optimal Demand-Side Management and Quasi-Convex Hull Relaxation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Trans Control Netw Syst]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1313-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>[39]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oikonomou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parvania]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Optimal Coordinated Operation of Interdependent Power and Water Distribution Systems]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Trans Smart Grid]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>4784-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>[40]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Robust Operation of a Water-Energy Nexus: A Multi-Energy Perspective]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Trans Sustain Energy]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>2698-712</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>[41]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Water-Energy Nexus Management for Power Systems]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Transactions on Power Systems]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>2542-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>[42]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meneses]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jaimes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quintana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[An optimized management model of the resources embedded on an isolated water-energy microgrid for a Ranchería]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ IEEE 5th Colombian Conference on Automatic Control (CCAC)]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2021</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>98-103</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>[43]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meneses]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jaimes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quintana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Water-energy nexus and stochastic optimization in a isolated microgrid: application in arid zones of La Guajira in Colombia]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe)]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2022</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>[44]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez-Gardars]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Assessment of the water-energy-carbon nexus in energy systems: A multi-objective approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Appl Energy]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>305</volume>
<page-range>117872</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>[45]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Managing and optimizing urban water supply system for sustainable development: Perspectives from water-energy-carbon nexus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sustain Prod Consum]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>39-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>[46]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Managing Water-Energy-Carbon Nexus for Urban Areas With Ambiguous Moment Information]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Transactions on Power Systems]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>4432-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>[47]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Low]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Convex Relaxation of Optimal Power Flow-Part I: Formulations and Equivalence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Trans Control Netw Syst]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>15-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>[48]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valencia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hincapie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallego]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Optimal location, selection, and operation of battery energy storage systems and renewable distributed generation in medium-low voltage distribution networks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Energy Storage]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>102158</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>[49]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eltantawy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Generalized Approach to the Load Flow Analysis of AC-DC Hybrid Distribution Systems]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Transactions on Power Systems]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>2117-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>[50]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sabzian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rokrok]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doostizadeh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A unified power flow approach using vsc-efficiency for AC-DC distribution systems operating at grid connected and islanded modes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Electrical Power &amp; Energy Systems]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>130</volume>
<page-range>106906</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>[51]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mehrjerdi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Carbon-Constrained and Cost Optimal Hybrid Wind-Based System for Sustainable Water Desalination]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Access]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>84079-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<label>[52]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valencia-Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Datos del sistema de prueba híbrido AC/DC de 15 nodos considerando el nexo energía-agua-carbono]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
