<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-1751</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Colombiana de Estadística]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev.Colomb.Estad.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-1751</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Departamento de Estadística - Universidad Nacional de Colombia.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-17512007000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Una exploración de robustez de tres pruebas: dos de permutación y la de Mann-Whitney]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Two Permutation Tests and the Mann-Whitney Test: A Robustness Study]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BAUTISTA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FABIÁN]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GÓMEZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EMILSE]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Estadística]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Estadística]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>15</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>15</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>177</fpage>
<lpage>185</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-17512007000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-17512007000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-17512007000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se exploró y comparó la robustez de las pruebas de Mann-Whitney, de permutación basada en diferencia de medias y de permutación basada en diferencia de medianas mediante simulación para varios grados de violación del supuesto de igualdad de varianzas. Las muestras se generaron de la aproximación a las distribuciones beta, logística y exponencial doble por medio de la familia de distribuciones &lambda; generalizada; se consideraron tamaños de muestra {7,14,21} y razones entre varianzas {0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0}. En los casos donde la muestra de menor tamaño proviene de la población con mayor varianza, el nivel de significación simulado toma valores cercanos a tres veces el obtenido cuando se cumple el supuesto. Para la mayoría de los casos estudiados, las pruebas de permutación presentan los mayores niveles de significación simulados.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The robustness of the permutation and the Mann-Whitney U tests was explored and compared through simulation for several violation degrees of the variances equality assumption. Samples were obtained from the approximation to beta, logistic and double exponential distributions by means of the Generalized &lambda; Distribution Family; sample sizes {7,14,21} were considered as well as quotients between variances {0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0}. When the sample of smaller size comes of the population with greatest variance, the simulated significance level takes values of almost three times the obtained whenever the assumption is fulfilled. For most of the cases, permutation tests present higher simulated significance levels.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[simulación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[distribución &lambda; generalizada]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pruebas no paramétricas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[heterocedasticidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Simulation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Generalized Lambda Distribution]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Nonparametric tests]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Heteroscedasticity]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  <font size="2" face="verdana">      <p> <b> <font size="4">     <center> Una exploraci&oacute;n de robustez de tres pruebas: dos de permutaci&oacute;n y la de Mann-Whitney </center> </font> </b> </p>      <p> <b> <font size="3">     <center> Two Permutation Tests and the Mann-Whitney Test: A Robustness Study </center> </font> </b> </p>      <p>     <center> FABI&Aacute;N BAUTISTA<sup>1</sup>,  EMILSE G&Oacute;MEZ<sup>2</sup> </center> </p>      <p> <sup>1</sup>Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Estad&iacute;stica, Bogot&aacute;, Colombia. Estad&iacute;stico. Email: <a href="mailto:frbautistar@unal.edu.co">frbautistar@unal.edu.co</a>     <br>  <sup>2</sup>Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Estad&iacute;stica, Bogot&aacute;, Colombia. Profesora asistente. Email: <a href="mailto:egomezt@unal.edu.co">egomezt@unal.edu.co</a>     <br> </p>  <hr size="1">      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p> <b>     <center> Resumen </center> </b> </p>      <p> Se explor&oacute; y compar&oacute; la robustez de las pruebas de Mann-Whitney, de permutaci&oacute;n basada en diferencia de medias y de permutaci&oacute;n basada en diferencia de medianas mediante simulaci&oacute;n para varios grados de violaci&oacute;n del supuesto de igualdad de varianzas. Las muestras se generaron de la aproximaci&oacute;n a las distribuciones beta, log&iacute;stica y exponencial doble por medio de la familia de distribuciones &lambda; generalizada; se consideraron tama&ntilde;os de muestra {7,14,21} y razones entre varianzas {0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0}. En los casos donde la muestra de menor tama&ntilde;o proviene de la poblaci&oacute;n con mayor varianza, el nivel de significaci&oacute;n simulado toma valores cercanos a tres veces el obtenido cuando se cumple el supuesto. Para la mayor&iacute;a de los casos estudiados, las pruebas de permutaci&oacute;n presentan los mayores niveles de significaci&oacute;n simulados. </p>      <p> <b> Palabras clave: </b> simulaci&oacute;n, distribuci&oacute;n &lambda; generalizada, pruebas no param&eacute;tricas, heterocedasticidad. </p>  <hr size="1">      <p> <b>     <center> Abstract </center> </b> </p>      <p> The robustness of the permutation and the Mann-Whitney U tests was explored and compared through simulation for several violation degrees of the variances equality assumption. Samples were obtained from the approximation to beta, logistic and double exponential distributions by means of the Generalized &lambda; Distribution Family; sample sizes {7,14,21} were considered as well as quotients between variances {0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0}. When the sample of smaller size comes of the population with greatest variance, the simulated significance level takes values of almost three times the obtained whenever the assumption is fulfilled. For most of the cases, permutation tests present higher simulated significance levels. </p>      <p> <b> Key words: </b> Simulation, Generalized Lambda Distribution, Nonparametric tests, Heteroscedasticity. </p>  <hr size="1">      <p> Texto completo disponible en <a href="pdf/rce/v30n2/v30n2a02.pdf">PDF</a> </p>  <hr size="1">      <p> <b> <font size="3"> Referencias </font> </b> </p>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p> 1. Higgins, J. J. (2004), <i>An Introduction to Modern Nonparametric Statistics</i>, Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, USA. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000023&pid=S0120-1751200700020000200001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 2. Karian, Z. & Dudewicz, E. (2000), <i>Fitting Statistical Distributions to Data: The Generalized Lambda Distribution and the Generalized Bootstrap Methods</i>, Boca Raton, USA. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000024&pid=S0120-1751200700020000200002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 3. Ludbrook, J. & Dudley, H. (1998), &#39;Why Permutation Tests are Superior to <em>t</em> and <em>F</em> Tests in Biomedical Research&#39;, <i>The American Statistician</i> <b>52</b>(2), 127-132. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000025&pid=S0120-1751200700020000200003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 4. Neubert, K. & Brunner, E. (2007), &#39;A Studentized Permutation Test for the Non-parametric Behrens-Fisher Problem&#39;, <i>Computational Statistics and Data Analysis</i> <b>51</b>, 5192-5204. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000026&pid=S0120-1751200700020000200004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 5. R Development Core Team, (2007), <i>R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing</i>, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. *<a href="http://www.R-project.org">http://www.R-project.org</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000027&pid=S0120-1751200700020000200005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 6. Sortres--Ramos, D. & Castillo--M&aacute;rquez, L. E. (2000), &#39;Estimaci&oacute;n del nivel de significancia real de la prueba de Mann-Whitney ante violaciones a los supuestos est&aacute;ndar usando simulaci&oacute;n Montecarlo&#39;, <i>Agrociencia</i> <b>34</b>(1), 69-74. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000028&pid=S0120-1751200700020000200006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> 7. Stonehouse, J. M. & Forrester, G. J. (1998), &#39;Robustness of the <em>t</em> and <em>U</em> Tests Under Combined Assumption Violations&#39;, <i>Journal of Applied Statistics</i> <b>1</b>, 63-74. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000029&pid=S0120-1751200700020000200007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><p> Este art&iacute;culo se puede citar en <i>LaTeX</i> utilizando la siguiente referencia bibliogr&aacute;fica de <i>BibTeX</i>: </p> <code><font size="2">@ARTICLE{BautistaG&oacute;mez07,    <br> AUTHOR = 	 {Fabi&aacute;n Bautista and Emilse G&oacute;mez}    <br> TITLE = 	 {{Una exploraci&oacute;n de robustez de tres pruebas: dos de permutaci&oacute;n y la de Mann-Whitney}},    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> JOURNAL = 	 {Revista Colombiana de Estad&iacute;stica},    <br> YEAR =		 {2007},    <br> volume =	 {30},    <br> number =	 {2},    <br> pages =		 {177-185}    <br> }</font></code>  <hr size="1"> </font>      ]]></body><back>
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</article>
