<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-4157</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Biomédica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Biomed.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-4157</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Salud]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-41572021000200247</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7705/biomedica.5623</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Seroprevalence of arboviruses in Ecuador: Implications for improved surveillance]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Seroprevalencia de arbovirus en Ecuador: implicaciones para mejorar su vigilancia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutiérrez-Vera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ernesto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patiño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo-Segovia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martha]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valencia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Víctor Mora-]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montesdeoca-Agurto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Regato-Arrata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mary]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública &#8220;Dr. Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez&#8221; Departamento de Virología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guayaquil ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública &#8220;Dr. Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez&#8221; Dirección Técnica de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guayaquil ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo Escuela de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Samborondón ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital General Guasmo Sur Laboratorio Clínico ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guayaquil ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública &#8220;Dr. Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez&#8221; Centro de Referencia Nacional de Virus Exantemáticos, Gastroentéricos y Transmitidos por vectores ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guayaquil ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Retired in 2012  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>247</fpage>
<lpage>259</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-41572021000200247&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-41572021000200247&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-41572021000200247&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) cause morbidity and mortality in humans and domestic animals worldwide. The percentage of population immunity or susceptibility to these viruses in Ecuador is unknown.  Objectives: To investigate the proportion of Ecuadorian populations with IgG antibodies (Abs) (past exposure/immunity) and IgM Abs (current exposure) against flaviviruses and alphaviruses and to study the activity of these viruses in Ecuador.  Materials and methods: During 2009-2011, we conducted a serosurvey for selected arboviruses in humans (n=1,842), equines (n=149), and sentinel hamsters (n=84) at two coastal locations and one in the Amazon basin (Eastern Ecuador) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and hemagglutination inhibition test.  Results: From 20.63% to 63.61% of humans showed IgG-antibodies for the flaviviruses: Dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV) Saint Louis encephalitis virus, and West Nile virus (WNV); from 4.67% to 8.63% showed IgG-Abs for the alphaviruses: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, eastern equine encephalitis virus, and western equine encephalitis virus. IgM-Abs were found for DENV and WNV. Equines and hamsters showed antibodies to alphaviruses in all locations; two hamsters seroconverted to YFV in the Amazonia.  Conclusions: The results show a YFV vaccination history and suggest the activity of arboviruses not included in the current surveillance scheme. Enhanced arbovirus and mosquito surveillance, as well as continued YFV vaccination and evaluation of its coverage/ effectiveness, are recommended.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción. Los virus transmitidos por artrópodos (arbovirus) causan morbilidad y mortalidad en humanos y animales domésticos mundialmente. Se desconoce el porcentaje de inmunidad o vulnerabilidad de la población ecuatoriana ante estos virus.  Objetivos. Investigar la proporción de poblaciones ecuatorianas con anticuerpos IgG (exposición o inmunidad pasada) y anticuerpos IgM (exposición reciente) contra flavivirus y alfavirus, e investigar su actividad en Ecuador.  Materiales y métodos. Entre 2009 y 2011, se llevó a cabo una encuesta serológica para arbovirus en humanos (n=1.842), equinos (n=149) y hámsters centinela (n=84) en dos localidades costeras y en una en la Amazonía, utilizando la prueba ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) y la prueba de inhibición de la hemaglutinación.  Resultados. Entre el 20,63 y el 63,61 % de los humanos registraron IgG contra el virus del dengue (DENV), el de la fiebre amarilla (YFV), el de la encefalitis de San Luis y el del Nilo Occidental (WNV); entre 4,67 y 8,63 % tenían IgG para los virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana, de la encefalitis equina del este y de la encefalitis equina del oeste. Se encontró IgM para DENV y WNV. En los equinos y en los hámsters se encontraron anticuerpos contra alfavirus en todas las localidades muestreadas; dos hámsters mostraron seroconversión a YFV en la Amazonía.  Conclusiones. Los resultados del estudio evidenciaron los antecedentes de vacunación contra el YFV y sugieren la actividad de arbovirus no incluidos en el esquema de vigilancia actual. Se recomienda ampliar la vigilancia de arbovirus y mosquitos, continuar con la vacunación contra el YFV, y evaluar su cobertura y efectividad.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Arbovirus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[yellow fever virus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[West Nile virus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dengue virus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[encephalitis virus, Eastern equine.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[arbovirus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[virus de la fiebre amarilla]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[virus del Nilo occidental]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[virus del dengue]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[virus de la encefalitis equina del este]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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