<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-1129</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Facultad de Ingeniería]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Fac. ing.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-1129</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-11292023000400004</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19053/01211129.v32.n66.2023.16457</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Discovering the Spread Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in Metropolitan Areas]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Descubriendo patrones de propagación del SARS-CoV-2 en áreas metropolitanas]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Descobrindo padrões de propagação do SARS-CoV-2 em áreas metropolitanas]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrera-Marín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mauricio-René]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vergara-Perucich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguirre-Núñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Godoy-Faúndez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alex]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Desarrollo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santiago de Chile ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Las Américas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santiago de Chile ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Las Américas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santiago de Chile ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Desarrollo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santiago de Chile ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>66</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-11292023000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-11292023000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-11292023000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The spread of COVID-19 has been extensively studied, but the intricate dynamics of its transmission in interdependent and segregated urban areas, constrained by mobility restrictions, have not been completely understood yet. The pandemic's dynamic-adaptive nature implies that virus spread is influenced by diverse factors operating disparately in urban areas with distinct roles. This study investigates the dynamic spread patterns of COVID-19 in the Santiago Metropolitan Area (SMA), Chile, leveraging explanatory variables related to urban mobility, socio-spatial characteristics, segregation, and sanitary measures. Using publicly available mobility data, we used two indices-the Internal Mobility Index (capturing individual trips within a city&#8217;s commune), and the External Mobility Index (indicating trips crossing commune borders). These indices were derived from geolocation data recorded by the cellular telephone antenna network of the Telefónica company by tracking successive antenna transitions during trips. The analysis encompasses a three-stage pandemic pattern, corresponding to periods before, during, and after an initial lockdown in the pandemic's first year. Elastic-Net-Penalty regression models, skillful in both feature selection and managing highly correlated predictors while maintaining the interpretability of the models, are used. These models employ a combination of L1 (ridge) and L2 (lasso) regularized log-likelihood optimization. The ridge penalty functions by contracting the coefficients of correlated predictors, pulling them closer to each other. In contrast, the lasso method tends to choose one predictor and exclude the others. The analysis with these models unveils influences of various explanatory variable subsets throughout the pandemic. Importantly, the study provides evidence justifying the suboptimal outcomes of the dynamic quarantine imposed by authorities. Mobility restrictions were implemented without considering the intricate contextual factors, thus impacting vulnerable areas of the city adversely.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La propagación del COVID-19 ha sido extensamente estudiada, pero las dinámicas intrincadas de su transmisión en áreas urbanas interdependientes y segregadas, limitadas por restricciones de movilidad, aún no se comprenden completamente. La naturaleza dinámica y adaptativa de la pandemia implica que la propagación del virus está influenciada por diversos factores que operan de manera dispar en áreas urbanas con roles distintos. Este estudio investiga los patrones dinámicos de propagación de COVID-19 en el Área Metropolitana de Santiago (AMS), Chile, utilizando variables explicativas relacionadas con la movilidad urbana, características socioespaciales, segregación y medidas sanitarias. Utilizando datos de movilidad públicos, se emplearon dos índices: el Índice de Movilidad Interna (que captura viajes individuales dentro de una comuna de la ciudad) y el Índice de Movilidad Externa (que indica viajes que cruzan las fronteras de la comuna). Estos índices se derivaron de datos de geolocalización registrados por la red de antenas de telefonía celular de la empresa Telefónica, que rastrea transiciones sucesivas de antenas durante los viajes. El análisis abarca un patrón pandémico de tres etapas correspondientes a los períodos antes, durante y después de un confinamiento inicial en el primer año de la pandemia. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión con penalización Elastic-Net, que permiten seleccionar características y gestionar predictores altamente correlacionados, manteniendo al mismo tiempo la interpretabilidad de los modelos. Estos emplean una combinación de regularización L1 (Ridge) y L2 (Lasso) en la optimización de la verosimilitud. La penalización Ridge contrae los coeficientes de predictores correlacionados entre sí, mientras que la penalización Lasso tiende a seleccionar un subconjunto de coeficientes, asociados a predictores específicos, y descartar los demás. El análisis revela influencias distintas de varios subconjuntos de variables explicativas a lo largo de la pandemia. Es importante destacar que el estudio proporciona evidencia que justifica los resultados subóptimos de la cuarentena dinámica impuesta por las autoridades. Las restricciones de movilidad se implementaron sin tener en cuenta adecuadamente los factores contextuales intrincados, afectando negativamente a áreas vulnerables de la ciudad.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo A propagação da COVID-19 tem sido extensivamente estudada, mas a intrincada dinâmica da sua transmissão em áreas urbanas interdependentes e segregadas, limitadas por restrições de mobilidade, ainda não é totalmente compreendida. A natureza dinâmica e adaptativa da pandemia significa que a propagação do vírus é influenciada por vários factores que operam de forma díspar nas áreas urbanas com funções diferentes. Este estudo investiga os padrões dinâmicos de propagação da COVID-19 na Área Metropolitana de Santiago (AMS), Chile, utilizando variáveis &#8203;&#8203;explicativas relacionadas à mobilidade urbana, características socioespaciais, segregação e medidas sanitárias. Utilizando dados de mobilidade pública, foram utilizados dois índices: o Índice de Mobilidade Interna (que capta as viagens individuais dentro de uma comuna) e o Índice de Mobilidade Externa (que indica as viagens que atravessam as fronteiras da comuna). Esses índices foram derivados de dados de geolocalização registrados pela rede de antenas de telefonia celular da empresa Telefónica, que rastreia transições sucessivas de antenas durante as viagens. A análise abrange um padrão de pandemia em três fases, correspondendo aos períodos antes, durante e depois de um confinamento inicial no primeiro ano da pandemia. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão de penalidade Elastic-Net, que permitem selecionar características e gerenciar preditores altamente correlacionados, mantendo a interpretabilidade dos modelos. Eles empregam uma combinação de regularização L1 (Ridge) e L2 (Lasso) na otimização de probabilidade. A penalidade Ridge colapsa os coeficientes dos preditores correlacionados entre si, enquanto a penalidade Lasso tende a selecionar um subconjunto de coeficientes, associados a preditores específicos, e descartar os demais. A análise revela influências distintas de vários subconjuntos de variáveis &#8203;&#8203;explicativas ao longo da pandemia. É importante ressaltar que o estudo fornece evidências que justificam os resultados abaixo do ideal da quarentena dinâmica imposta pelas autoridades. As restrições à mobilidade foram implementadas sem a devida consideração de factores contextuais intrincados, afectando negativamente as áreas vulneráveis &#8203;&#8203;da cidade.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[city dynamics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19 spread dynamics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[elastic-net regularization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[socio-spatial mobility indicators]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[time-varying regression]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dinámica de propagación COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dinámica urbana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[indicadores de movilidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[regresión variable en el tiempo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[regularización elastic-net]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[dinâmica de propagação da COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[dinâmica urbana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[indicadores de mobilidade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[regressão variante no tempo, regularização de rede elástica]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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