<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-750X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Ingeniería]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[ing.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-750X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-750X2022000200204</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14483/23448393.17539</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Experimental Assessment of the Emissions Characteristics of Low-Displacement Diesel Engines Operating with Biodiesel lends from Algae Oil]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Análisis experimental de las características de emisión de motores diésel de baja cilindrada operando con mezclas de biodiésel de aceite de alga]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maestre-Cambronel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orjuela-Abril]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sofia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duarte-Forero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Atlántico Department of Mechanical Engineering ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Puerto Colombia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander Grupo de Investigación Gerencia y Escenarios para el Desarrollo Departmento de Administración de Empresas]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cúcuta ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Atlántico Department of Mechanical Engineering ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Puerto Colombia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-750X2022000200204&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-750X2022000200204&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-750X2022000200204&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Context:  The imminent concern regarding greenhouse gas emissions associated with internal combustion engines has motivated both the industrial and academic sectors to propose reliable solutions in order to mitigate the adverse effects of thermal machines. Partial fuel substitution with biodiesel blends is a promising, convenient, and diverse technology that can contribute to minimizing emission levels.  Method:  This study incorporated an experimental test bench for a low-displacement diesel engine that enabled control of the operating conditions in order to evaluate thermal performance, fuel metrics, and emission levels. An algae oil biodiesel blend at replacement percentages of 5 % (AB5) and 15 % (AB15) was produced via a transesterification technique. The performance evaluation was centered on the impact of the variable compression ratio and torque ranges of the engine.  Results:  The implementation of algae oil as a biodiesel blend reduced the emission levels of CO, CO2, and HC by 40-95 % compared to diesel standalone operation. In contrast, it boosted NOx emissions in a reasonable proportion (&lt;45 %). Further emission minimization of CO and HC could be reached by increasing the compression ratio, but CO2 and NOx emissions were negatively affected. Moreover, increasing the compression ratio intensified the combustion pressure while improving both fuel consumption and thermal performance. Contrarily, a higher algae oil content in the biodiesel blend reduced the in-cylinder pressure, thus increasing the fuel consumption and reducing the thermal performance.  Conclusions:  In conclusion, biodiesel implementation demonstrated to be a robust tool to mitigate the global emissions of the engine to a great extent. The negative results regarding thermal performance and fuel consumption are a consequence of the higher density and lower heating value. However, this can be partially offset by increasing the compression ratio of the engine. The exploration of hydrogen and hydroxy is strongly recommended to contribute to enhancing the overall performance of partial fuel substitution technologies.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Contexto:  La inminente preocupación en torno a la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero asociada a los motores de combustión interna ha motivado a la industria y la academia a proponer soluciones confiables para mitigar los efectos adversos de las maquinas térmicas. La sustitución parcial de combustible es una diversa, conveniente y prometedora tecnología que puede contribuir a minimizar los niveles de emisión.  Método:  El estudio incorporó un montaje para pruebas experimentales de un motor diésel de baja cilindrada que permite controlar las condiciones de operación para evaluar el desempeño térmico, de consumo de combustible y de niveles de emisión. Se produjo una mezcla biodiésel de aceite de alga a un porcentaje de substitución del 5 % (AB5) y 15 % (AB15) a través de una técnica de transesterificación. La evaluación de desempeño se centró en el impacto de la relación de compresión variable y el margen de torque del motor.  Resultados:  La implementación del aceite de alga como mezcla biodiésel redujo los niveles de emisión del CO, CO2 y HC en un 40-95 % en comparación con la operación autónoma de diésel comercial. En contraste, se incrementaron las emisiones de NOx en una proporción razonable (&lt;45 %). Se pudo obtener una minimización adicional de las emisiones de CO y HC al incrementar la relación de compresión, pero las emisiones de CO2 y NOx fueron negativamente afectadas. Adicionalmente, al aumentar la relación de compresión se incrementó la presión durante la combustión, lo cual mejoró el consumo de combustible y el desempeño térmico. Contrariamente, un mayor contenido de aceite de alga en la mezcla biodiesel redujo la presión dentro del cilindro, lo que aumentó el consumo de combustible y redujo el desempeño térmico.  Conclusiones:  En conclusión, la implementación de biodiésel demostró ser una herramienta robusta para mitigar en gran medida las emisiones globales del motor. Los resultados negativos en cuanto a desempeño térmico y consumo de combustible son consecuencia de la alta densidad y la menor capacidad calorífica. Sin embargo, esto puede ser parcialmente contrarrestado al incrementar la relación de compresión del motor. La exploración del hidrógeno e hydroxy es alta recomendada para contribuir a mejorar el desempeño global de las tecnologías de sustitución parcial de combustible.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[fuel consumption]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[thermal performance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[biodiesel blend]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[diesel engine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[emission levels]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[partial fuel substitution.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[consumo de combustible]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desempeño térmico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mezcla biodiésel]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[motor diésel]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[niveles de emisión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sustitución parcial de combustible.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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