<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-750X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Ingeniería]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[ing.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-750X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-750X2024000100202</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14483/23448393.19828</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Safety Performance Functions for Mountain Two-lane Rural Roads in Ecuador]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Funciones de Desempeño de Seguridad para Carreteras Rurales de Dos Carriles en entornos de montana en Ecuador]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcia-Ramirez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yasmany Damian]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Loja ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-750X2024000100202&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-750X2024000100202&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-750X2024000100202&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Context: The design and operation of two-lane rural roads in mountainous terrain pose unique challenges, potentially leading to specific geometric configurations with an increased risk of road accidents. While predictive models like the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) and Safety Performance Functions (SPF) are widely used around the world, their application in Ecuador&#8217;s mountainous regions remains unexplored.  Method: This study collected design and operational variables from 25 roads in the Ecuadorian Andes to propose SPFs specific to two-lane rural roads in mountainous environments. Crash data from 2017-2019 were utilized to develop 12 SPFs, which were further validated with information from 2020-2021. The SPFs were categorized based on three types of crashes (total, fatal + injury, property damage only) and various ranges of annual average daily traffic (AADT).  Results: The outcomes of this study include the development of 12 SPFs tailored to Ecuador&#8217;s mountainous regions. These SPFs estimate the average expected frequency of accidents for existing conditions, alternative scenarios, or proposed new road projects.  Conclusions: The proposed SPFs fill a significant gap in road safety research in Ecuador, offering a valuable tool for assessing accident probabilities in two-lane rural roads in mountainous terrain. This research contributes to enhancing road safety for both existing roads and future projects, providing valuable insights for transportation planning and design. Further research opportunities lie in applying these SPFs to additional regions and refining the models based on evolving traffic and road conditions.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Contexto: El diseño y la operación de carreteras rurales de dos carriles en terrenos montañosos plantean desafíos únicos, que podrían conducir a configuraciones geométricas específicas con un mayor riesgo de accidentes de tránsito. Si bien los modelos predictivos como el Manual de Seguridad Vial (HSM) y las Funciones de Rendimiento de Seguridad (SPF) se utilizan ampliamente a nivel mundial, su aplicación en las regiones montañosas de Ecuador aún no ha sido explorada.  Método: Este estudio recopiló variables de diseño y operativas de 25 carreteras en los Andes ecuatorianos para proponer SPFs específicas para carreteras rurales de dos carriles en entornos montañosos. Se utilizaron datos de accidentes de 2017 a 2019 para desarrollar 12 SPFs, que fueron validadas con información de 2020 a 2021. Las SPFs se clasificaron según tres tipos de accidentes (total, fatal + lesión, solo daños materiales) y varios rangos de tráfico diario promedio anual (TPDA).  Resultados: El resultado de este estudio incluye el desarrollo de 12 SPFs adaptadas a las regiones montañosas de Ecuador. Estas SPFs estiman la frecuencia esperada promedio de accidentes para condiciones existentes, escenarios alternativos o nuevos proyectos de carreteras propuestos.  Conclusiones: Las SPFs propuestas llenan una brecha significativa en la investigación de seguridad vial en Ecuador, ofreciendo una herramienta valiosa para evaluar las probabilidades de accidentes en carreteras rurales de dos carriles en terrenos montañosos. Esta investigación contribuye a mejorar la seguridad vial tanto para las carreteras existentes como para los proyectos futuros, proporcionando información valiosa para la planificación y el diseño del transporte. Oportunidades adicionales de investigación radican en aplicar estas SPFs a regiones adicionales y perfeccionar los modelos según la evolución del tránsito y las condiciones de las carreteras.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[safety performance functions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[two-lane rural roads]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ecuador]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[funciones de desempeño de seguridad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[carreteras rurales de dos carriles]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ecuador]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>[1]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>AASHTO</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Highway Safety Manual, First]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[AASHTO ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Washington, EE. UU.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>[2]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>AASHTO</collab>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Highway Safety Manual,&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>[3]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Omari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdel-Aty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Crash analysis and development of safety performance functions for Florida roads in the framework of the context classification system,&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Safety Res]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>79</volume>
<page-range>1-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>[4]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williamson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Develop calibration factors for crash prediction models for rural two-lane roadways in Illinois,&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<page-range>330-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>[5]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Srinivasan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Safety performance function decision guide: SPF calibration vs SPF development (FHWA-SA-14-004),&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>[6]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas-Asuero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Calibración del modelo predictivo de accidentes de tránsito del HSM en carreteras del Cantón Loja (Ecuador),&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[INNOVA Res. J]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>114-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>[7]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Srinivasan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Safety performance function development guide: Developing jurisdiction-specific SPFs (FHWA-SA-14-005),&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>[8]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harwood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Safety Effects of Horizontal Curve and Grade Combinations on Rural Two-Lane Highways (FHWA-HRT-13-077),&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>[9]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jonsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lyon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ivan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Washington]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Schalkwyk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lord]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Differences in the performance of safety performance functions estimated for total crash count and for crash count by crash type,&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Transportation Res. Rec]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>2102</volume>
<page-range>115-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>[10]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brimley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Calibration of the highway safety manual safety performance function and development of jurisdiction-specific models for rural two-lane two-way roads in Utah,&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fulton College of Engineering and Technology]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>[11]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gayah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Development of regionalized SPFs for two-lane rural roads in Pennsylvania,&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Accid. Anal. Prev]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>108</volume>
<page-range>343-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>[12]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gosse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Safety performance functions for two-lane roads in Virginia,&#8221; presented at the Transportation Res. B. 89th Annual Meeting]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington DC, USA ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>[13]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alluri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ogle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gladhill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dixon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monsere]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Comparison of calibration factors obtained using Oregon and Georgia data to implement HSM procedures on two-way two-lane rural roads,&#8221; presented at Moving Toward Zero. 2011 ITE Tech. Conf. Exhibit]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>[14]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stapleton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ingle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chakraborty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gates]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Savolainen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Safety performance functions for rural two-lane county road segments,&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Transportation Res. Rec]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>2672</volume>
<numero>52</numero>
<issue>52</issue>
<page-range>226-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>[15]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. de]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Development of safety performance functions for Spanish two-lane rural highways on flat terrain,&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Accid. Anal. Prev]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>95</volume>
<page-range>250-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>[16]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>FWHA</collab>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Crash modification factors clearinghouse,&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>[17]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<collab>NAVIGATS Inc</collab>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;User&#8217;s guide to develop highway safety manual safety performance function calibration (Project 20-07/332),&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>[18]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>OSEVI-UTPL</collab>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Observatorio de Seguridad Vial,&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>[19]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Agencia Nacional de Tránsito del Ecuador</collab>
<source><![CDATA[&#8220;Estadísticas siniestros de tránsito,&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>[20]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pardillo Mayora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manzo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orive]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Refinement of accident prediction models for Spanish national network,&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Transportation Res. Rec]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>1950</volume>
<page-range>65-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
