<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0122-5383</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[C.T.F Cienc. Tecnol. Futuro]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0122-5383</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo (ICP) - ECOPETROL S.A.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0122-53832017000100071</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evaluation of colloidal stability, kinematic viscosity and flash point of b10 diesel/biodiesel blends using nano-structured additives based on Al2O3 and oleic acid]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Evaluación de la estabilidad coloidal, viscosidad cinemática y punto de inflamación de mezclas B10 diesel/biodiesel usando aditivos nano-estructurados basados en Al2O3 y ácido oleico]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Avaliação da estabilidade coloidal, viscosidade cinemática e ponto de inflamação de misturas B10 diesel/biodiesel usando aditivos nano-estruturados baseados em Al2O3 e ácido oleico]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adriana P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ojeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karina A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peñaloza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rincón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andy]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Cartagena Program of Chemical Engineering ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cartagena ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Cartagena Program of Chemical Engineering ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cartagena ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<fpage>71</fpage>
<lpage>82</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0122-53832017000100071&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0122-53832017000100071&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0122-53832017000100071&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Alumina nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel method and submitted to thermal treatment at 750 and 1000 °C. X-ray diffraction was used to determine crystal formation with sizes up to 280 nm. To achieve stable suspensions, a nano-additive was mixed with the diesel/biodiesel blends along with oleic acid surfactant to obtain concentrations of nano-additives at 10 and 20 ppm. For this, alumina nanoparticles were firstly mixed with 20 mL of oleic acid by using an ultrasonicator. Then, this mixture was heated at 80°C under constant agitation for 1 hour, and it was subsequently submitted to ultrasound for 30 minutes. Colloidal stability was evaluated according to Deryaguin-Landau-Verwey-Oberbeek (DLVO) theory by analyzing the total interaction energy of the system. Effects on the kinematic viscosity and flash point of the B10 blend were determined according to ASTM D-445 and ASTM D-93 regulations. The application of nano-additives in biodiesel blends showed an increase of the kinematic viscosity from 2.75 cSt to 3.33 cSt at 40°C with 20 ppm of nanoparticles in the B10 blend, while flash point increased from 65 °C to 66 °C. These results could represent a beneficial effect for engines performance due to their better lubricant capacity. On the other hand, fuels with high enough flash point are easy to handle for transportation and storage. Then, the implementation of nano-additives represents a good opportunity for the biofuels industry.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Las nanopartículas de Alúmina fueron sintetizadas por el método de sol-gel y sometidas a un tratamiento térmico a 750 y 1000 °C. Se utilizó la técnica de difracción de rayos-X para determinar la formación de cristales con tamaños de hasta 280 nm. Con el propósito de producir suspensiones estables, el nano-aditivo fue mezclado con una solución de diesel/biodiesel usando ácido oleico como un surfactante, obteniendo concentraciones de nano-aditivos de 10 y 20 ppm. Para esto, las nanopartículas de Alúmina se mezclaron primero con 20 mL de ácido oleico usando un baño de ultrasonido. Luego, la mezcla se calentó a 80°C bajo agitación constante por 1 hora, y subsecuentemente se llevó al ultrasonido por 30 minutos. La estabilidad coloidal se evaluó de acuerdo a la teoría de Deryaguin-Landau-Verwey-Oberbeek (DLVO) analizando la energía total de interacción del sistema. Los efectos sobre la viscosidad cinemática y el punto de inflamación de las mezclas B10 fueron determinados de acuerdo a las normas ASTM D-445 y ASTM D-93. La aplicación de los nano-aditivos a las mezclas de biodiesel mostraron un incremento en la viscosidad cinemática desde 2.75 cSt hasta 3.33 cSt a 40°C con una concentración de 20 ppm de nanopartículas en la mezcla B10, mientras que el punto de inflamación incrementó desde 65 °C hasta 66 °C. Estos resultados pueden representar un efecto benéfico para el funcionamiento de los motores debido a una mejor capacidad de lubricación. Por otra parte, los combustibles con alto punto de inflamación son más fáciles para el manejo de transporte y almacenamiento. Entonces, la implementación de nano-aditivos representa una buena oportunidad para la industria de los biocombustibles.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[RESUMO As nanopartículas de alumina foram sintetizadas utilizando o método de sol-gel e submetida a tratamento térmico a 750 e 1000 °C. Utilizou-se a técnica de difração de raios-X para determinar a formação de cristais com dimensões de até 280 nm. Visando produzir suspensões estáveis, o nanoaditivo foi misturado com uma solução de diesel/biodiesel usando ácido oleico como um surfactante, obtendo concentrações de nanoaditivos de 10 e 20 ppm. Para isso, as nanopartículas de alumina primeiro foram misturadas com 20 mL de ácido oleico utilizando um banho de ultrassom. Depois, a mistura foi aquecida a 80°C sob agitação constante por 1 hora, e depois levada a ultrassom durante 30 minutos. A estabilidade coloidal foi avaliada conforme a teoria de Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Oberbeek (DLVO) analisando a energia total de interação do sistema. Os efeitos sobre a viscosidade cinemática e o ponto de inflamação das misturas B10 foram determinados de acordo com as normas ASTM D-445 e ASTM D-93. A aplicação dos nanoaditivos às misturas de biodiesel mostraram um aumento na viscosidade cinemática desde 2.75 cSt até 3.33 cSt a 40°C com uma concentração de 20 ppm de nanopartículas na mistura B10, enquanto que o ponto de inflamação aumentou de 65 °C para 66 °C. Esses resultados podem representar um efeito benéfico para o funcionamento dos motores pela melhor capacidade de lubrificação. Por sua vez, os combustíveis com alto ponto de inflamação são mais fáceis para o manejo de transporte e armazenamento. Portanto, a aplicação de nanoaditivos é uma boa oportunidade para a indústria dos biocombustíveis.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Nano-additives]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[DLVO Theory]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Viscosity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Flash Point]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Nano-aditivos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Teoría DLVO]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Viscosidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Punto de Inflamación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Nanoaditivos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Teoria DLVO]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Viscosidade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Ponto de Inflamação]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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