<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0123-7799</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[TecnoLógicas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[TecnoL.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0123-7799</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano - ITM]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0123-77992024000300203</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22430/22565337.3102</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Low Thermal Conductivity Block from a Hybrid Geopolymer Concrete based on Fly Ash and other Industrial Wastes]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Bloque de baja conductividad térmica a partir de un concreto geopolimérico híbrido basado en cenizas volantes y otros residuos industriales]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fabio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valencia-Saavedra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[William Gustavo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mejía-de-Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ruby]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Valle  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cali ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Valle  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cali ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Valle  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cali ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>61</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0123-77992024000300203&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0123-77992024000300203&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0123-77992024000300203&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The use of alternative cementitious materials and the use of industrial waste as supplementary materials or aggregates in the production of concrete and structural elements that guarantee good mechanical performance, reduced dead load, and high thermal comfort are in line with the principles of circular economy in the construction sector. Therefore, the objective of this research was to develop a hybrid cement based on alkaline activation with sodium sulfate (NS) of a mixture of fly ash (CV), silica fume (HS) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC), in proportions (CV+HS)/OPC of 70/30 %. The methodology used consisted of developing the hybrid cementitious material, which was classified as having moderate heat of hydration (MCH type), and subsequently using it, in proportions of 500 and 600 kg/m3, to produce structural concretes incorporating coarse recycled aggregates (AGR) and fine recycled aggregates (AFR) in the mixture, obtained from construction and demolition waste (CDW). The 600R concrete mixture reached a compressive strength of 18.9 MPa after 28 days of curing and reported a modulus of elasticity of 27 GPa. This concrete was validated in the production of perforated structural blocks, and to improve the thermal comfort of the concrete, 10 % and 20 % of the volume of recycled fine aggregate was replaced with recycled cork. The introduction of cork in the mixture, although it reduces the compressive strength of the block (29 %), allows to reduce the thermal conductivity by 32 %. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that the use of 10 % of cork volume as a replacement for fine aggregate in the hybrid concrete mix allows the obtaining of a structural block with thermal comfort characteristics. The mixture considered optimal according to the results obtained was composed of 52.5 CV+17.5 HS+30 OPC, 4 % NS, 70 % AGR, 20 % AFR, and 10 % cork.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La utilización de cementantes alternativos y el aprovechamiento de residuos industriales, como materiales suplementarios o agregados en la producción de concretos y elementos estructurales que garanticen buenas prestaciones mecánicas, disminución de la carga muerta y un elevado confort térmico, están en concordancia con los principios de economía circular en el sector de la construcción. Por ello, el objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar un cemento híbrido basado en la activación alcalina con sulfato de sodio (NS) de una mezcla de ceniza volante (CV), humo de sílice (HS) y cemento portland de uso general (OPC, por sus siglas en inglés), en proporciones (CV+HS)/OPC del 70/30 %. La metodología empleada consistió en desarrollar el cementante hibrido, el cual fue clasificado como de moderado calor de hidratación (tipo MCH), y posteriormente utilizarlo, en proporciones de 500 kg/m3 y 600 kg/m3 para producir concretos estructurales incorporando en la mezcla agregados reciclados gruesos (AGR) y finos (AFR), obtenidos a partir de residuos de construcción y demolición (RCD). La mezcla 600 R a 28 días de curado alcanzó un valor de 18,9 MPa, y reporto un módulo de elasticidad de 27 GPa. Este concreto se validó en la producción de bloques perforados estructurales y, con el fin de mejorar el confort térmico de los concretos, se realizó sustitución del 10 % y 20 % en volumen de agregado fino reciclado por corcho reciclado. La introducción de corcho en la mezcla, aunque redujo la resistencia a compresión del bloque en un 29 %, permitió disminuir la conductividad térmica en un 32 %. Basado en los resultados obtenidos, se concluye que el uso de un 10 % en volumen de corcho como reemplazo del agregado fino en la mezcla de concreto híbrido permite obtener un bloque estructural con características de confort térmico. Las proporciones de la mezcla considerada óptima fueron de 52,5 CV+17,5 HS+30 OPC, 4 % NS, 70 % AGR, 20 % AFR, y 10 % corcho.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Geopolymer]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[fly ash]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sodium sulfate]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[structural block]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[thermal conductivity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Geopolímero]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ceniza volante]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sulfato de sodio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bloque estructural]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[conductividad térmica]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>[1]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heede]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. V. Den]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Belie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Environmental impact and life cycle assessment (LCA) of traditional and &#8216;green&#8217; concretes: Literature review and theoretical calculations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cem. Concr. Compos.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>431-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>[2]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Geopolymer, green alkali activated cementitious material: Synthesis, applications and challenges]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Construction and Building Materials]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>224</volume>
<page-range>930-49</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>[3]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Provis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palomo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Advances in understanding alkali-activated materials]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cement and Concrete Research]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<page-range>110-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>[4]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas-Duque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robayo-Salazar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mejía de Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Alkali-activated hybrid concrete based on fly ash and its application in the production of high-class structural blocks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Crystals (Basel)]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>946</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>[5]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villaquirán-Caicedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Studying different silica sources for preparation of alternative waterglass used in preparation of binary geopolymer binders from metakaolin/boiler slag]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Construction and Building Materials]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>227</volume>
<page-range>116621</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>[6]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robayo-Salazar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valencia-Saavedra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M. de]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Construction and demolition waste (Cdw) recycling-as both binder and aggregates-in alkali-activated materials: A novel re-use concept]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sustainability]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>14</numero>
<issue>14</issue>
<page-range>5775</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>[7]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A comprehensive review on the applications of coal fly ash]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Earth-Science Reviews]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>141</volume>
<page-range>105-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>[8]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valencia-Saavedra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robayo-Salazar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M. de]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Alkali-activated hybrid cements based on fly ash and construction and demolition wastes using sodium sulfate and sodium carbonate]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Molecules]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>24</numero>
<issue>24</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>[9]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dakhane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tweedley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kailas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marzke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neithalath]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mechanical and microstructural characterization of alkali sulfate activated high volume fly ash binders]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Materials &amp; Design]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>122</volume>
<page-range>236-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>[10]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández-Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Lodeiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donatello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maltseva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palomo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Á.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Specific examples of hybrid alkaline cement]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[MATEC Web of Conferences]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>01001</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>[11]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Lodeiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández-Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palomo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Variation in hybrid cements over time. Alkaline activation of fly ash-portland cement blends]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cement and Concrete Research]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<page-range>112-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>[12]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wili&#324;ska]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pacewska]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ostrowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Investigation of different ways of activation of fly ash-cement mixtures: Part 1. Chemical activation by Na2SO4 and Ca (OH)2]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>138</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>4203-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>[13]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Novais]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Senff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalheiras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seabra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pullar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Labrincha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sustainable and efficient cork - inorganic polymer composites: An innovative and eco-friendly approach to produce ultra-lightweight and low thermal conductivity materials]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cement and Concrete Composites]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>97</volume>
<page-range>107-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>[14]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Construcción sostenible]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[minambiente.gov.co]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>[15]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>NTC 4026</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Ingenieria civil y arquitectura. Unidades (bloques y ladrillos) de concreto, para mamposteria estructural]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ICONTEC - Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>[16]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>NTC 3493</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Cenizas volantes y puzolanas naturales, calcinadas o crudas, para uso en el concreto]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ICONTEC - Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>[17]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>NTC 237</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Método de ensayo para determinar la densidad relativa (gravedad específica) y la absorción del agregado fino]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ICONTEC - Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>[18]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>NTC 176</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Método de ensayo para determinar la densidad relativa (gravedad específica) y la absorción del agregado grueso]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ICONTEC - Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>[19]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>NTC 77</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Concretos. Método de ensayo para el análisis por tamizado de los agregados finos y gruesos]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ICONTEC - Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>[20]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>NTC 98</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Método de ensayo para determinar la resistencia al desgaste por abrasión e impacto de agregados gruesos menor de 37,5 mm, utilizando la máquina de los ángeles]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ICONTEC - Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>[21]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>NTC 127</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Concretos. Método de ensayo para determinar las impurezas orgánicas en agregado fino para concreto]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ICONTEC - Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>[22]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>NTC 112</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Cementos. Mezcla mecánica de pastas y morteros de cemento hidráulico de consistencia plástica]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ICONTEC - Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>[23]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>NTC 220</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Cementos. Determinación de la resistencia de morteros de cemento hidráulico a la compresión, usando cubos de 50 mm o 2 pulgadas de lado]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ICONTEC - Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>[24]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>NTC 118</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Cementos. Método de ensayo para determinar el tiempo de fraguado del cemento hidráulico mediante aguja de Vicat]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ICONTEC - Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>[25]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>NTC 1377</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Ingeniería civil y arquitectura. Elaboración y curado de especímenes de concreto para ensayos en el laboratorio]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ICONTEC - Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>[26]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>NTC 673</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Concretos. Ensayo de resistencia a la compresión de especímenes cilíndricos de concreto]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ICONTEC - Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>[27]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[C09 Committee, Test method for pulse velocity through concrete]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[West Conshohocken, PA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ASTM International]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>[28]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>NTC 722</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Concreto. Método de ensayo para determinar la resistencia a la tensión indirecta de especímenes cilíndricos de concreto]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ICONTEC - Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>[29]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>NTC 5653</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Determinación de la gravedad especifica, absorción y vacíos en el concreto endurecido]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ICONTEC - Instituto. Colombiano de Normas Técnicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>[30]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>NTC 4024</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Prefabricados de concreto. Muestreo y ensayo de prefabricados de concreto no reforzados, vibrocompactados]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ICONTEC - Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>[31]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>ASTM C518-21</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Pensilvania, Estados Unidos ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ASTM-American Society for Testing and Materials]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>[32]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siddique]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Utilization of silica fume in concrete: Review of hardened properties]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Resources, Conservation and Recycling]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>923-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>[33]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nili]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ehsani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Investigating the effect of the cement paste and transition zone on strength development of concrete containing nanosilica and silica fume]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Materials &amp; Design]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>75</volume>
<page-range>174-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>[34]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sia Ng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Influence of SiO2, TiO2 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the properties of fly ash blended cement mortars]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Construction and Building Materials]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>258</volume>
<page-range>119627</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>[35]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mehta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ashish]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Silica fume and waste glass in cement concrete production: A review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Building Engineering]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>100888</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>[36]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tracing the status of silica fume in cementitious materials with Raman microscope]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Construction and Building Materials]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>159</volume>
<page-range>610-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>[37]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ye]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of activator dosage and silica fume on the properties of Na2SO4-activated high-volume fly ash]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Construction and Building Materials]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>278</volume>
<page-range>122346</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>[38]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of sodium sulfate and nano-SiO2 on hydration and microstructure of cementitious materials containing high volume fly ash under steam curing]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Construction and Building Materials]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>163</volume>
<page-range>812-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>[39]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velandia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lynsdale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Provis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramirez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gomez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluation of activated high volume fly ash systems using Na2SO4, lime and quicklime in mortars with high loss on ignition fly ashes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Construction and Building Materials]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>128</volume>
<page-range>248-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>[40]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saridemir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of silica fume and ground pumice on compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of high strength concrete]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Construction and Building Materials]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<page-range>484-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>[41]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazloom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramezanianpour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brooks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of silica fume on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cement and Concrete Composites]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>347-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>[42]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. M. Motahari]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramezanianpour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ebadi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Isapour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karakouzian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A new approach for application of silica fume in concrete: Wet granulation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Construction and Building Materials]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>157</volume>
<page-range>573-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>[43]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>NTC 121</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Especificación de desempeño para cemento hidráulico]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ICONTEC - Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>[44]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>NSR-10</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Reglamento Colombiano de construcción sismo resistente]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial-Asociación Colombiana de ingeniería sísmica, Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministerio de Ambiente]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>[45]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>ACI 318-19</collab>
<source><![CDATA[requisitos de Reglamento de Construcción para Concreto Estructural ya disponible]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[American Concrete Institute, Indiana, Estados Unidos ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Comité American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>[46]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lampris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lupo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheeseman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Geopolymerisation of silt generated from construction and demolition waste washing plants]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Waste Management]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>368-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>[47]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cristelo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández-Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vieira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miranda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palomo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Á.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Stabilisation of construction and demolition waste with a high fines content using alkali activated fly ash]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Construction and Building Materials]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>170</volume>
<page-range>26-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>[48]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Rossi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ribeiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Labrincha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Novais]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hotza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. F. P. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of the particle size range of construction and demolition waste on the fresh and hardened-state properties of fly ash-based geopolymer mortars with total replacement of sand]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Process Safety and Environmental Protection]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>129</volume>
<page-range>130-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>[49]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farooq]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Geopolymer concrete as sustainable material: A state of the art review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Constr. Build. Mater.]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>306</volume>
<numero>124762</numero>
<issue>124762</issue>
<page-range>124762</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>[50]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joseph]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mathew]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Influence of aggregate content on the behavior of fly ash based geopolymer concrete]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scientia Iranica]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1188-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>[51]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neupane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hadigheh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sodium hydroxide-free geopolymer binder for prestressed concrete applications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Construction and Building Materials]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>293</volume>
<page-range>123397</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<label>[52]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nguyen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Le]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Theoretical and experimental study on mechanical properties and flexural strength of fly ash-geopolymer concrete]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Construction and Building Materials]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>106</volume>
<page-range>65-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<label>[53]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malazdrewicz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ostrowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. Adam]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sadowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[&#321;.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Self-compacting concrete with recycled coarse aggregates from concrete construction and demolition waste - Current state-of-the art and perspectives]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Constr Build Mater]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>370</volume>
<page-range>130702</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<label>[54]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sasanipour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aslani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Durability properties evaluation of self-compacting concrete prepared with waste fine and coarse recycled concrete aggregates]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Construction and Building Materials]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>236</volume>
<page-range>117540</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<label>[55]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Properties of concrete made with recycled aggregate from partially hydrated old concrete]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cement and Concrete Research]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>703-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<label>[56]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Properties of self-compacting concrete prepared with coarse and fine recycled concrete aggregates]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cement and Concrete Composites]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>622-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<label>[57]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grdic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toplicic-Curcic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Despotovic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ristic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Properties of self-compacting concrete prepared with coarse recycled concrete aggregate]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Construction and Building Materials]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1129-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<label>[58]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>NTC 4076</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Unidades de concreto para mampostería no estructural]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ICONTEC - Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<label>[59]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Merabti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kenai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Belarbi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khatib]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thermo-mechanical and physical properties of waste granular cork composite with slag cement]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Construction and Building Materials]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>272</volume>
<page-range>121923</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
